Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hardulīkaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *harduz (“hard”) +‎ *-līkaz.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈhɑr.ðu.liː.kɑz/

Adjective

*hardulīkaz[1]

  1. severe
  2. tenacious

Inflection

Declension of *hardulīkaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *hardulīkaz *hardulīkō *hardulīką, *-at(ō) *hardulīkai *hardulīkôz *hardulīkō
accusative *hardulīkanǭ *hardulīkǭ *hardulīką, *-at(ō) *hardulīkanz *hardulīkōz *hardulīkō
genitive *hardulīkas, *hardulīkis *hardulīkaizōz *hardulīkas, *hardulīkis *hardulīkaizǫ̂ *hardulīkaizǫ̂ *hardulīkaizǫ̂
dative *hardulīkammai *hardulīkaizōi *hardulīkammai *hardulīkaimaz *hardulīkaimaz *hardulīkaimaz
instrumental *hardulīkanō *hardulīkaizō *hardulīkanō *hardulīkaimiz *hardulīkaimiz *hardulīkaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *hardulīkô *hardulīkǭ *hardulīkô *hardulīkaniz *hardulīkōniz *hardulīkōnō
accusative *hardulīkanų *hardulīkōnų *hardulīkô *hardulīkanunz *hardulīkōnunz *hardulīkōnō
genitive *hardulīkiniz *hardulīkōniz *hardulīkiniz *hardulīkanǫ̂ *hardulīkōnǫ̂ *hardulīkanǫ̂
dative *hardulīkini *hardulīkōni *hardulīkini *hardulīkammaz *hardulīkōmaz *hardulīkammaz
instrumental *hardulīkinē *hardulīkōnē *hardulīkinē *hardulīkammiz *hardulīkōmiz *hardulīkammiz

Descendants

  • Old English: heardlīċ
  • Old High German: hartlīh
  • Old Norse: harðligr
    • Icelandic: harðlegur

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xardu-līkaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162
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