Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/helpōlausaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *helpō (“help”) +‎ *-lausaz.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈxel.pɔː.ˌlɑu̯.sɑz/

Adjective

*helpōlausaz[1]

  1. helpless

Inflection

Declension of *helpōlausaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *helpōlausaz *helpōlausō *helpōlausą, *-at(ō) *helpōlausai *helpōlausôz *helpōlausō
accusative *helpōlausanǭ *helpōlausǭ *helpōlausą, *-at(ō) *helpōlausanz *helpōlausōz *helpōlausō
genitive *helpōlausas, *helpōlausis *helpōlausaizōz *helpōlausas, *helpōlausis *helpōlausaizǫ̂ *helpōlausaizǫ̂ *helpōlausaizǫ̂
dative *helpōlausammai *helpōlausaizōi *helpōlausammai *helpōlausaimaz *helpōlausaimaz *helpōlausaimaz
instrumental *helpōlausanō *helpōlausaizō *helpōlausanō *helpōlausaimiz *helpōlausaimiz *helpōlausaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *helpōlausô *helpōlausǭ *helpōlausô *helpōlausaniz *helpōlausōniz *helpōlausōnō
accusative *helpōlausanų *helpōlausōnų *helpōlausô *helpōlausanunz *helpōlausōnunz *helpōlausōnō
genitive *helpōlausiniz *helpōlausōniz *helpōlausiniz *helpōlausanǫ̂ *helpōlausōnǫ̂ *helpōlausanǫ̂
dative *helpōlausini *helpōlausōni *helpōlausini *helpōlausammaz *helpōlausōmaz *helpōlausammaz
instrumental *helpōlausinē *helpōlausōnē *helpōlausinē *helpōlausammiz *helpōlausōmiz *helpōlausammiz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *helpulaus
    • Old English: *helplēas
    • Old Frisian: helpelās
      • North Frisian: holpleaz
      • Saterland Frisian: hälploos
      • West Frisian: helpleas
    • Old Saxon: *helpalōs
      • Middle Low German: *helpelôs
    • Old High German: helfalōs
      • Middle High German: hëlfelōs, hëlflōs
  • Old Norse: hjalplauss, hjalparlauss (changed to genitival compound)

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xelpa-lausaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 168
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