Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrōzijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

A causative formation, analyzable as *hrōzaz (“active, stirring, moving”) +‎ *-janą. Possibly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kroHs-éye-ti: according to Kroonen, a direct cognate of Avestan 𐬟𐬭𐬁-𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (frā-xrā̊ŋhaiia, “to be shocked”),^[1] and according to Orel, of Proto-Slavic *krasiti (“to ornate”).^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxrɔː.zi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hrōzijaną^[1]^[2]

to stir

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hrōzijō	*hrōzijaų	—	*hrōzijai	?
2nd singular	*hrōzīsi	*hrōzijais	*hrōzī	*hrōzijasai	*hrōzijaisau
3rd singular	*hrōzīþi	*hrōzijai	*hrōzijaþau	*hrōzijaþai	*hrōzijaiþau
1st dual	*hrōzijōs	*hrōzijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hrōzijaþiz	*hrōzijaiþiz	*hrōzijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hrōzijamaz	*hrōzijaim	—	*hrōzijanþai	*hrōzijainþau
2nd plural	*hrōzīþ	*hrōzijaiþ	*hrōzīþ	*hrōzijanþai	*hrōzijainþau
3rd plural	*hrōzijanþi	*hrōzijain	*hrōzijanþau	*hrōzijanþai	*hrōzijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hrōzidǭ	*hrōzidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hrōzidēz	*hrōzidēdīz
3rd singular	*hrōzidē	*hrōzidēdī
1st dual	*hrōzidēdū	*hrōzidēdīw
2nd dual	*hrōzidēdudiz	*hrōzidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hrōzidēdum	*hrōzidēdīm
2nd plural	*hrōzidēdud	*hrōzidēdīd
3rd plural	*hrōzidēdun	*hrōzidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hrōzijandz	*hrōzidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōʀijan
- Old English: hrēran
  - Middle English: rēren; (rōrien)
    - English: rear (“to move; stir”)
  - ⇒ Old English: hrēre (adjective), hrēr
    - Middle English: rere
      - English: rear (dialectal), rare
- Old Frisian: hrēra
  - Saterland Frisian: ríere
  - West Frisian: riere, reare
- Old Saxon: hrōrian
  - Middle Low German: rôren
    - German Low German: röhren
- Old Dutch: *ruoren (in irruoran)
  - Middle Dutch: roeren
    - Dutch: roeren
      - Afrikaans: roer
- Old High German: hruorjan, ruoren
  - Middle High German: ruoren, rüeren
    - Bavarian: riarn
    - German: rühren
      - → Saterland Frisian: rüürje
    - Yiddish: רירן (rirn)
Old Norse: hrǿra, hrœra
- Icelandic: hræra
- Faroese: røra
- Norwegian Nynorsk: røra
- Old Swedish: rø̄ra
  - Swedish: röra
- Old Danish: røræ
  - Danish: røre
    - Norwegian Bokmål: røre

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hrōzjan”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 250
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrōzjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hrōzjan”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 250

[HGE-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrōzjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189

[1]

[2]