Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hramjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *hramō (“frame, rack”) +‎ *-janą.^[1]

Verb

*hramjaną^[1]^[2]

to frame, enclose with a framework or fence
to hem in, restrain

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hramjō	*hramjaų	—	*hramjai	?
2nd singular	*hramisi	*hramjais	*hrami	*hramjasai	*hramjaisau
3rd singular	*hramiþi	*hramjai	*hramjaþau	*hramjaþai	*hramjaiþau
1st dual	*hramjōs	*hramjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hramjaþiz	*hramjaiþiz	*hramjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hramjamaz	*hramjaim	—	*hramjanþai	*hramjainþau
2nd plural	*hramiþ	*hramjaiþ	*hramiþ	*hramjanþai	*hramjainþau
3rd plural	*hramjanþi	*hramjain	*hramjanþau	*hramjanþai	*hramjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hramidǭ	*hramidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hramidēz	*hramidēdīz
3rd singular	*hramidē	*hramidēdī
1st dual	*hramidēdū	*hramidēdīw
2nd dual	*hramidēdudiz	*hramidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hramidēdum	*hramidēdīm
2nd plural	*hramidēdud	*hramidēdīd
3rd plural	*hramidēdun	*hramidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hramjandz	*hramidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hrammjan
- Old English: hremman
- Old Frisian: *hremma
  - ⇒ Old Frisian: hrembende, hrembend (“fetter”)
- Old Dutch: *remmen
  - Middle Dutch: remmen
    - Dutch: remmen
>? Old Norse: hremma (“to grasp, clutch, seize”) (more likely a later derivative of Old Norse hrammr (“claw, paw”), from Proto-Germanic *hrammaz (“bent, curved”))
- Icelandic: hremma
Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hramjan)
- →⇒? Medieval Latin: adchramiō, adchrammiō, adframiō (“to vow, swear, assure”) (alternatively from Frankish *hrammjan)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hraman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 242: “*hramjan-”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xram(m)janan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hraman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 242: “*hramjan-”

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xram(m)janan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184

[1]

[2]