Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrappijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb- (“to turn, bend, shrink, rotate, touch, attack”). Cognate with Lithuanian krapštyti (“to pick, peck, scratch, claw”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxrɑp.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hrappijaną^[1]

to rush
to grasp

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hrappijō	*hrappijaų	—	*hrappijai	?
2nd singular	*hrappīsi	*hrappijais	*hrappī	*hrappijasai	*hrappijaisau
3rd singular	*hrappīþi	*hrappijai	*hrappijaþau	*hrappijaþai	*hrappijaiþau
1st dual	*hrappijōs	*hrappijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hrappijaþiz	*hrappijaiþiz	*hrappijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hrappijamaz	*hrappijaim	—	*hrappijanþai	*hrappijainþau
2nd plural	*hrappīþ	*hrappijaiþ	*hrappīþ	*hrappijanþai	*hrappijainþau
3rd plural	*hrappijanþi	*hrappijain	*hrappijanþau	*hrappijanþai	*hrappijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hrappidǭ	*hrappidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hrappidēz	*hrappidēdīz
3rd singular	*hrappidē	*hrappidēdī
1st dual	*hrappidēdū	*hrappidēdīw
2nd dual	*hrappidēdudiz	*hrappidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hrappidēdum	*hrappidēdīm
2nd plural	*hrappidēdud	*hrappidēdīd
3rd plural	*hrappidēdun	*hrappidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hrappijandz	*hrappidaz

Alternative reconstructions

*hrapjaną^[2]

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hrappijan, *hrappjan
- Old English: hreppan, (hrepian)
  - Middle English: repen
    - English: repe; rap, rape (to scratch)
- Old Frisian: hreppa, reppa
  - North Frisian: rippe
  - Saterland Frisian: räppe
  - West Frisian: reppe
  - ⇒ Old Frisian: bihreppa
- Old Saxon: *hreppian
  - Middle Low German: reppen
    - Low German: reppen
- Old Dutch: *reppen
  - Middle Dutch: reppen
    - Dutch: reppen
      - Afrikaans: rep
- Old High German: *hrapfen, *hraffen
  - Middle High German: raffen, reffen
    - German: raffen
Old Norse: hreppa
- Icelandic: hreppa
- Swedish: repa

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrappjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hrapa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 243: “*hrapjan-”

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrappjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hrapa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 243: “*hrapjan-”

[1]

[2]