Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwōstōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*hwōstāną
*hwōstijaną

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”), equivalent to *hwōstô (“cough”) +‎ *-ōną.^[1] Cognate with Lithuanian kṓsēti (“to cough”), Russian ка́шлять (kášljatʹ, “to cough”), Sanskrit कासते (kā́sate).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxʷɔːs.tɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hwōstōną

to cough

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hwōstō	*hwōstǭ	—	*hwōstōi	?
2nd singular	*hwōstōsi	*hwōstōs	*hwōstō	*hwōstōsai	*hwōstōsau
3rd singular	*hwōstōþi	*hwōstō	*hwōstōþau	*hwōstōþai	*hwōstōþau
1st dual	*hwōstōs	*hwōstōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hwōstōþiz	*hwōstōþiz	*hwōstōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hwōstōmaz	*hwōstōm	—	*hwōstōnþai	*hwōstōnþau
2nd plural	*hwōstōþ	*hwōstōþ	*hwōstōþ	*hwōstōnþai	*hwōstōnþau
3rd plural	*hwōstōnþi	*hwōstōn	*hwōstōnþau	*hwōstōnþai	*hwōstōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hwōstōdǭ	*hwōstōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*hwōstōdēz	*hwōstōdēdīz
3rd singular	*hwōstōdē	*hwōstōdēdī
1st dual	*hwōstōdēdū	*hwōstōdēdīw
2nd dual	*hwōstōdēdudiz	*hwōstōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*hwōstōdēdum	*hwōstōdēdīm
2nd plural	*hwōstōdēdud	*hwōstōdēdīd
3rd plural	*hwōstōdēdun	*hwōstōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hwōstōndz	*hwōstōdaz

Related terms

*hwōstô

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hwōstōn
- Old English: *hwōstian, (hwōstan); (*hwēstan (< *hwōstijaną))
  - Middle English: hōsten; hwēsten
    - Scots: whost, whust
    - English: whoost, hoost (dialectal)
- Old Frisian: *hwōstia, *hōstia
  - Saterland Frisian: hoostje
  - West Frisian: hoastje
- Old Saxon: *hwōstōn, *hōstōn
  - Middle Low German: hôsten
    - German Low German: hoosten
    - Low German: hosten
- Old Dutch: *huoston
  - Middle Dutch: hoesten
    - Dutch: hoesten
      - Afrikaans: hoes
- Old High German: huostōn
  - Middle High German: huosten
    - Bavarian: huasdn
    - Luxembourgish: houschten
Old Norse: hósta
- Icelandic: hósta
- Faroese: hosta
- Norwegian Nynorsk: hosta
- Old Swedish: hōsta
  - Swedish: hosta
- Old Danish: hōstæ
  - Danish: hoste
    - Norwegian Bokmål: hoste
- Elfdalian: ųosta
- Gutnish: hokste
- → Middle English: *hosten
  - Scots: host, hoist
  - English: hoast

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hwōstan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268: “*hwōstōjan-”

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hwōstan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268: “*hwōstōjan-”

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