Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwōtijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

According to Kroonen this verb is a merger of:

Pronunciation

IPA(key): /ˈxʷɔː.ti.ja.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hwōtijaną[1][2]

  1. (transitive) to threaten
  2. (transitive) to reprimand

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hwōtijō *hwōtijaų *hwōtijai ?
2nd singular *hwōtīsi *hwōtijais *hwōtī *hwōtijasai *hwōtijaisau
3rd singular *hwōtīþi *hwōtijai *hwōtijaþau *hwōtijaþai *hwōtijaiþau
1st dual *hwōtijōs *hwōtijaiw
2nd dual *hwōtijaþiz *hwōtijaiþiz *hwōtijaþiz
1st plural *hwōtijamaz *hwōtijaim *hwōtijanþai *hwōtijainþau
2nd plural *hwōtīþ *hwōtijaiþ *hwōtīþ *hwōtijanþai *hwōtijainþau
3rd plural *hwōtijanþi *hwōtijain *hwōtijanþau *hwōtijanþai *hwōtijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hwōtidǭ *hwōtidēdį̄
2nd singular *hwōtidēz *hwōtidēdīz
3rd singular *hwōtidē *hwōtidēdī
1st dual *hwōtidēdū *hwōtidēdīw
2nd dual *hwōtidēdudiz *hwōtidēdīdiz
1st plural *hwōtidēdum *hwōtidēdīm
2nd plural *hwōtidēdud *hwōtidēdīd
3rd plural *hwōtidēdun *hwōtidēdīn
present past
participles *hwōtijandz *hwōtidaz

Descendants

  • Old Norse: hœta
    • Icelandic: hæta
    • Swedish: höta (obsolete)
    • Danish: høde (obsolete)
  • Gothic: 𐍈𐍉𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ƕōtjan)

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hwōtjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268
  2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xwōtjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 202