Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwōtijaną
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
According to Kroonen this verb is a merger of:
- A causative verb equivalent to *hwētaną (“to attack, assault”) + *-janą.
- A denominative verb equivalent to *hwōtō (“threat”) + *-janą.[1]
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /ˈxʷɔː.ti.ja.nɑ̃/
Verb
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *hwōtijō | *hwōtijaų | — | *hwōtijai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *hwōtīsi | *hwōtijais | *hwōtī | *hwōtijasai | *hwōtijaisau | |
| 3rd singular | *hwōtīþi | *hwōtijai | *hwōtijaþau | *hwōtijaþai | *hwōtijaiþau | |
| 1st dual | *hwōtijōs | *hwōtijaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *hwōtijaþiz | *hwōtijaiþiz | *hwōtijaþiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *hwōtijamaz | *hwōtijaim | — | *hwōtijanþai | *hwōtijainþau | |
| 2nd plural | *hwōtīþ | *hwōtijaiþ | *hwōtīþ | *hwōtijanþai | *hwōtijainþau | |
| 3rd plural | *hwōtijanþi | *hwōtijain | *hwōtijanþau | *hwōtijanþai | *hwōtijainþau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *hwōtidǭ | *hwōtidēdį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *hwōtidēz | *hwōtidēdīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *hwōtidē | *hwōtidēdī | ||||
| 1st dual | *hwōtidēdū | *hwōtidēdīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *hwōtidēdudiz | *hwōtidēdīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *hwōtidēdum | *hwōtidēdīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *hwōtidēdud | *hwōtidēdīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *hwōtidēdun | *hwōtidēdīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *hwōtijandz | *hwōtidaz | ||||
Descendants
- Old Norse: hœta
- Icelandic: hæta
- Swedish: höta (obsolete)
- Danish: høde (obsolete)
- Gothic: 𐍈𐍉𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ƕōtjan)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hwōtjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xwōtjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 202