Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwarbijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *hwerbaną +‎ *-janą.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈxʷɑr.βi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hwarbijaną[1][2]

  1. (transitive) to turn

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hwarbijō *hwarbijaų — *hwarbijai ?
2nd singular *hwarbīsi *hwarbijais *hwarbī *hwarbijasai *hwarbijaisau
3rd singular *hwarbīþi *hwarbijai *hwarbijaþau *hwarbijaþai *hwarbijaiþau
1st dual *hwarbijōs *hwarbijaiw — — —
2nd dual *hwarbijaþiz *hwarbijaiþiz *hwarbijaþiz — —
1st plural *hwarbijamaz *hwarbijaim — *hwarbijanþai *hwarbijainþau
2nd plural *hwarbīþ *hwarbijaiþ *hwarbīþ *hwarbijanþai *hwarbijainþau
3rd plural *hwarbijanþi *hwarbijain *hwarbijanþau *hwarbijanþai *hwarbijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hwarbidǭ *hwarbidēdį̄
2nd singular *hwarbidēz *hwarbidēdīz
3rd singular *hwarbidē *hwarbidēdī
1st dual *hwarbidēdū *hwarbidēdīw
2nd dual *hwarbidēdudiz *hwarbidēdīdiz
1st plural *hwarbidēdum *hwarbidēdīm
2nd plural *hwarbidēdud *hwarbidēdīd
3rd plural *hwarbidēdun *hwarbidēdīn
present past
participles *hwarbijandz *hwarbidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *hwarbijan
    • Old English: hwierfan
    • Old Saxon: hwerbian
    • Old High German: werban
  • Old Norse: hverfa

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hwarbjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 263
  2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xwarbjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 198
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