Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwatjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *hwataz (“quick, sharp, brave”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈxʷɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hwatjaną[1]

  1. to sharpen; whet
  2. to instigate; incite

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hwatjō *hwatjaų — *hwatjai ?
2nd singular *hwatisi *hwatjais *hwati *hwatjasai *hwatjaisau
3rd singular *hwatiþi *hwatjai *hwatjaþau *hwatjaþai *hwatjaiþau
1st dual *hwatjōs *hwatjaiw — — —
2nd dual *hwatjaþiz *hwatjaiþiz *hwatjaþiz — —
1st plural *hwatjamaz *hwatjaim — *hwatjanþai *hwatjainþau
2nd plural *hwatiþ *hwatjaiþ *hwatiþ *hwatjanþai *hwatjainþau
3rd plural *hwatjanþi *hwatjain *hwatjanþau *hwatjanþai *hwatjainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hwatidǭ *hwatidēdį̄
2nd singular *hwatidēz *hwatidēdīz
3rd singular *hwatidē *hwatidēdī
1st dual *hwatidēdū *hwatidēdīw
2nd dual *hwatidēdudiz *hwatidēdīdiz
1st plural *hwatidēdum *hwatidēdīm
2nd plural *hwatidēdud *hwatidēdīd
3rd plural *hwatidēdun *hwatidēdīn
present past
participles *hwatjandz *hwatidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *hwattjan
    • Old English: hwettan
    • Old Frisian: *hwetta; *hwettia
      • Saterland Frisian: wätje
      • West Frisian: hwetsje, hotsje
    • Old Saxon: *hwettian
    • Old Dutch: *wetten
    • Old High German: hwezzen, wezzen
  • Old Norse: hvetja
    • Icelandic: hvetja
    • Faroese: hvøtja
    • Norwegian: kvetja
    • Old Swedish: hvætia
      • Swedish: vättja, hvättja (dialectal)
    • Danish: hvæde, hvætte (dialectal)
  • Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍈𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaƕatjan)

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xwatjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 199
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