Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaizwijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain, as the variations between *kaiz- and *kar- cannot be explained as being inherited from Proto-Indo-European. Pokorny compares Old Armenian կքեմ (kkʻem, “to bow, bend”) and Russian жи́хать (žíxatʹ, “to bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to bend, turn”),^[1] but this is purely speculative. Kroonen instead derives the verb from a Proto-Indo-European *geys- (“to turn, become”), and compares Hittite [script needed] (kīša(ri) ~ kišanta(ri), “to happen, occur, become”).^[2]

Alternative reconstructions

*kazjaną
*kaizijaną
*kaurijaną

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑi̯.zwi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kaizwijaną^[2]

to turn
to direct

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*kaizwijō	*kaizwijaų	—	*kaizwijai	?
2nd singular	*kaizwīsi	*kaizwijais	*kaizwī	*kaizwijasai	*kaizwijaisau
3rd singular	*kaizwīþi	*kaizwijai	*kaizwijaþau	*kaizwijaþai	*kaizwijaiþau
1st dual	*kaizwijōs	*kaizwijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kaizwijaþiz	*kaizwijaiþiz	*kaizwijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*kaizwijamaz	*kaizwijaim	—	*kaizwijanþai	*kaizwijainþau
2nd plural	*kaizwīþ	*kaizwijaiþ	*kaizwīþ	*kaizwijanþai	*kaizwijainþau
3rd plural	*kaizwijanþi	*kaizwijain	*kaizwijanþau	*kaizwijanþai	*kaizwijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kaizwidǭ	*kaizwidēdį̄
2nd singular	*kaizwidēz	*kaizwidēdīz
3rd singular	*kaizwidē	*kaizwidēdī
1st dual	*kaizwidēdū	*kaizwidēdīw
2nd dual	*kaizwidēdudiz	*kaizwidēdīdiz
1st plural	*kaizwidēdum	*kaizwidēdīm
2nd plural	*kaizwidēdud	*kaizwidēdīd
3rd plural	*kaizwidēdun	*kaizwidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*kaizwijandz	*kaizwidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kaiʀwijan
- Old English: cierran (< Proto-West Germanic *kaʀʀjan < Proto-Germanic *kazjaną)
  - Middle English: cherren, charren, charen
    - English: char, chare
    - Scots: char, chare
- Old Saxon: kērian
  - Middle Low German: kēren
    - Low German: keren
- Old Dutch: *kēren
  - Middle Dutch: kêren
    - Dutch: keren
- Old High German: keren
  - Middle High German: keren
    - German: kehren
Old Norse: keyra
- Icelandic: keyra
- Faroese: koyra
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: kjøre
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: køyre
- Old Swedish: kø̄ra
  - Swedish: köra
- Old Danish: kø̄ræ
  - Danish: køre
- Elfdalian: tjyöra
- Gutnish: kåire
- Scanian: køra
- → Middle English: cairen, kayren
  - English: cair

References

^ * Pokorny, Julius (1959) “gēu-, gǝu-, gū-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 393, 354
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kaizwjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 277

[1] * Pokorny, Julius (1959) “gēu-, gǝu-, gū-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 393, 354

[EDPG-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kaizwjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 277

[1]

[2]