Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaldāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *kaldaz (“cold”) +‎ *-āną.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈkɑl.dɑː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kaldāną[1]

  1. to become cold

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *kaldō ? — ? ?
2nd singular *kaldaisi ? *kaldai *kaldāsai ?
3rd singular *kaldaiþi ? *kaldāþau *kaldāþai ?
1st dual *kaldōs ? — — —
2nd dual *kaldāþiz ? *kaldāþiz — —
1st plural *kaldāmaz ? — *kaldānþai ?
2nd plural *kaldaiþ ? *kaldaiþ *kaldānþai ?
3rd plural *kaldānþi ? *kaldānþau *kaldānþai ?
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *kaldadǭ *kaldadēdį̄
2nd singular *kaldadēz *kaldadēdīz
3rd singular *kaldadē *kaldadēdī
1st dual *kaldadēdū *kaldadēdīw
2nd dual *kaldadēdudiz *kaldadēdīdiz
1st plural *kaldadēdum *kaldadēdīm
2nd plural *kaldadēdud *kaldadēdīd
3rd plural *kaldadēdun *kaldadēdīn
present past
participles *kaldāndz *kaldadaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *kaldēn
    • Old English: cealdian, *caldian
      • Middle English: colden, calden, chelden, kelden
        • Yola: coale
    • Old Saxon: kaldōn
      • Middle Low German: kolden
    • Old Dutch: *kaldon
    • Old High German: kaltēn
  • Old Norse: kalda

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kaldēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 209
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