Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kirnijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *kernǭ (butter tub) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈkir.ni.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kirnijaną

  1. to churn

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *kirnijō *kirnijaų *kirnijai ?
2nd singular *kirnīsi *kirnijais *kirnī *kirnijasai *kirnijaisau
3rd singular *kirnīþi *kirnijai *kirnijaþau *kirnijaþai *kirnijaiþau
1st dual *kirnijōs *kirnijaiw
2nd dual *kirnijaþiz *kirnijaiþiz *kirnijaþiz
1st plural *kirnijamaz *kirnijaim *kirnijanþai *kirnijainþau
2nd plural *kirnīþ *kirnijaiþ *kirnīþ *kirnijanþai *kirnijainþau
3rd plural *kirnijanþi *kirnijain *kirnijanþau *kirnijanþai *kirnijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *kirnidǭ *kirnidēdį̄
2nd singular *kirnidēz *kirnidēdīz
3rd singular *kirnidē *kirnidēdī
1st dual *kirnidēdū *kirnidēdīw
2nd dual *kirnidēdudiz *kirnidēdīdiz
1st plural *kirnidēdum *kirnidēdīm
2nd plural *kirnidēdud *kirnidēdīd
3rd plural *kirnidēdun *kirnidēdīn
present past
participles *kirnijandz *kirnidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *kirnijan
    • Old English: cernan
      • Middle English: chernen
    • Old Dutch: *kirnen
    • Old Saxon: *kirnian
    • Old High German: *kirnen
      • Middle High German: *kirnen
        • Central Franconian: kiere, kierne, keene, kerne
        • German: kirnen (rare, regional)
  • Old Norse: kirna