Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwirkijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *kwerkō (“throat”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkwir.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kwirkijaną^[1]^[2]

to strangle

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*kwirkijō	*kwirkijaų	—	*kwirkijai	?
2nd singular	*kwirkīsi	*kwirkijais	*kwirkī	*kwirkijasai	*kwirkijaisau
3rd singular	*kwirkīþi	*kwirkijai	*kwirkijaþau	*kwirkijaþai	*kwirkijaiþau
1st dual	*kwirkijōs	*kwirkijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kwirkijaþiz	*kwirkijaiþiz	*kwirkijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*kwirkijamaz	*kwirkijaim	—	*kwirkijanþai	*kwirkijainþau
2nd plural	*kwirkīþ	*kwirkijaiþ	*kwirkīþ	*kwirkijanþai	*kwirkijainþau
3rd plural	*kwirkijanþi	*kwirkijain	*kwirkijanþau	*kwirkijanþai	*kwirkijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kwirkidǭ	*kwirkidēdį̄
2nd singular	*kwirkidēz	*kwirkidēdīz
3rd singular	*kwirkidē	*kwirkidēdī
1st dual	*kwirkidēdū	*kwirkidēdīw
2nd dual	*kwirkidēdudiz	*kwirkidēdīdiz
1st plural	*kwirkidēdum	*kwirkidēdīm
2nd plural	*kwirkidēdud	*kwirkidēdīd
3rd plural	*kwirkidēdun	*kwirkidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*kwirkijandz	*kwirkidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kwirkijan
- Old Frisian: querka, quertsa
- Old Saxon: *quirkian
  - Middle Low German: querken
Old Norse: kvirkja, kyrkja
- Icelandic: kyrkja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: kyrka, kyrke, kyrkja, kyrkje
- → Middle English: querken
  - English: querk, quirk
  - Scots: querk
  - ⇒ Middle English: querkenen
    - English: querken
→ Proto-Finnic: *kurgistadak (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kwerkō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 317: “*kwerkjan-”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kwerkjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 228

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kwerkō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 317: “*kwerkjan-”

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kwerkjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 228

[1]

[2]