Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skardijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *skardaz (“cut up, damaged”) +‎ *-janą.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈskɑr.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skardijaną^[2]^[1]

to cut, chop
to diminish, impair

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*skardijō	*skardijaų	—	*skardijai	?
2nd singular	*skardīsi	*skardijais	*skardī	*skardijasai	*skardijaisau
3rd singular	*skardīþi	*skardijai	*skardijaþau	*skardijaþai	*skardijaiþau
1st dual	*skardijōs	*skardijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skardijaþiz	*skardijaiþiz	*skardijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*skardijamaz	*skardijaim	—	*skardijanþai	*skardijainþau
2nd plural	*skardīþ	*skardijaiþ	*skardīþ	*skardijanþai	*skardijainþau
3rd plural	*skardijanþi	*skardijain	*skardijanþau	*skardijanþai	*skardijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skardidǭ	*skardidēdį̄
2nd singular	*skardidēz	*skardidēdīz
3rd singular	*skardidē	*skardidēdī
1st dual	*skardidēdū	*skardidēdīw
2nd dual	*skardidēdudiz	*skardidēdīdiz
1st plural	*skardidēdum	*skardidēdīm
2nd plural	*skardidēdud	*skardidēdīd
3rd plural	*skardidēdun	*skardidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*skardijandz	*skardidaz

Related terms

*skardą

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *skardijan
- Old English: sċierdan
- >? Old Dutch: *skerden
  - >? Middle Dutch: scherden (meaning 'to decide')
- Old High German: skerten
  - Middle High German: scherten
Old Norse: skerða
- Icelandic: skerða
→ Proto-Finnic: *karcidak (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skardjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 335
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skarda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 440: “*skardjan-”

[Orel-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skardjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 335

[Kroonen-2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skarda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 440: “*skardjan-”

[1]

[2]