Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skuldiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*skulþiz

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈskul.diz/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *skéltis, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obliged, be beholden to, owe, be guilty”), equivalent to Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to be obligated, owe”) +‎ *-þiz. Cognate with Lithuanian kaltė̃ (“guilt”).^[1]

Noun

*skuldiz f

Inflection

Declension of *skuldiz (i-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*skuldiz	*skuldīz
vocative	*skuldi	*skuldīz
accusative	*skuldį	*skuldinz
genitive	*skuldīz	*skuldijǫ̂
dative	*skuldī	*skuldimaz
instrumental	*skuldī	*skuldimiz

Synonyms

*skuldaz

Derived terms

*skuldīgaz
*skuldigōną
*skuldōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *skuldi
- Old English: sċyld, sċyldu
  - Middle English: schuld, shild
    - English: shild
- Old Frisian: skeld
  - North Frisian: schild
  - Saterland Frisian: Skeeld
- Old Saxon: skuld, sculd
  - Middle Low German: schult, schuld, schülde
    - Low German: Schuld
      - German Low German: Schuld, Schüld
- Old Dutch: skuld, scult
  - Middle Dutch: schult, schout
    - Dutch: schuld, schoud (dialectal)
      - Afrikaans: skuld
        → Sotho: sekoloto
        → Tswana: sekoloto
        → Zulu: isikweletu
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: skolo
      - Jersey Dutch: sxjilt
      - Negerhollands: skuld, skylt, schuild
      - → Indonesian: kesalahan (semantic loan)
    - Limburgish: sjöldj
- Old High German: skuld, sculd, scult, sculda, sculta
  - Middle High German: schult, schulde
    - German: Schuld
      - → Esperanto: ŝuldo
    - Luxembourgish: Schold
    - Yiddish: שולד (shuld)
Old Norse: skuld, Skuld, skyld
- Icelandic: skuld
- Faroese: skuld
- Norwegian: skuld, skyld
- Old Swedish: skuld, skyld
  - Swedish: skuld, skull
- Danish: skyld
- → Scots: skuld, sculd, skyld

Etymology 2

Derived from *skulaną (“to owe”), and thus of the same origin as the "debt" sense of Etymology 1.^[2]

Adjective

*skuldiz

bound, obliged

Inflection

Declension of *skuldiz (i-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*skuldiz	*skuldī	skuldį, -jatō	*skuldijai	*skuldijôz	*skuldijō
accusative	*skuldijanǭ	*skuldijǭ	skuldį, -jatō	*skuldijanz	*skuldijōz	*skuldijō
genitive	skuldijas, skuldīs	*skuldijaizōz	skuldijas, skuldīs	*skuldijaizǫ̂	*skuldijaizǫ̂	*skuldijaizǫ̂
dative	*skuldijammai	*skuldijaizōi	*skuldijammai	*skuldijaimaz	*skuldijaimaz	*skuldijaimaz
instrumental	*skuldijanō	*skuldijaizō	*skuldijanō	*skuldijaimiz	*skuldijaimiz	*skuldijaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*skuldijô	*skuldijǭ	*skuldijô	*skuldijaniz	*skuldijōniz	*skuldijōnō
accusative	*skuldijanų	*skuldijōnų	*skuldijô	*skuldijanunz	*skuldijōnunz	*skuldijōnō
genitive	*skuldīniz	*skuldijōniz	*skuldīniz	*skuldijanǫ̂	*skuldijōnǫ̂	*skuldijanǫ̂
dative	*skuldīni	*skuldijōni	*skuldīni	*skuldijammaz	*skuldijōmaz	*skuldijammaz
instrumental	*skuldīnē	*skuldijōnē	*skuldīnē	*skuldijammiz	*skuldijōmiz	*skuldijammiz

Descendants

Old Norse: skyldr
- Icelandic: skyldur
- Old Swedish: skylder

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skuldi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 450
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skulđaz ~ *skulđjaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 345

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skuldi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 450

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skulđaz ~ *skulđjaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 345

[1]

[2]