Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swartijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *swartaz (“black”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈswɑr.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*swartijaną

  1. to make black, to blacken

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *swartijō *swartijaų — *swartijai ?
2nd singular *swartīsi *swartijais *swartī *swartijasai *swartijaisau
3rd singular *swartīþi *swartijai *swartijaþau *swartijaþai *swartijaiþau
1st dual *swartijōs *swartijaiw — — —
2nd dual *swartijaþiz *swartijaiþiz *swartijaþiz — —
1st plural *swartijamaz *swartijaim — *swartijanþai *swartijainþau
2nd plural *swartīþ *swartijaiþ *swartīþ *swartijanþai *swartijainþau
3rd plural *swartijanþi *swartijain *swartijanþau *swartijanþai *swartijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *swartidǭ *swartidēdį̄
2nd singular *swartidēz *swartidēdīz
3rd singular *swartidē *swartidēdī
1st dual *swartidēdū *swartidēdīw
2nd dual *swartidēdudiz *swartidēdīdiz
1st plural *swartidēdum *swartidēdīm
2nd plural *swartidēdud *swartidēdīd
3rd plural *swartidēdun *swartidēdīn
present past
participles *swartijandz *swartidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *swartijan
    • Old Saxon: *swertian
      • Middle Low German: swerten
    • Old Dutch: *swerten
    • Old High German: swerzen
  • Old Norse: *sverta
  • Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*swartjan)
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