Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swinþijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *swinþaz (“strong”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈswin.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*swinþijaną^[1]

to strengthen

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*swinþijō	*swinþijaų	—	*swinþijai	?
2nd singular	*swinþīsi	*swinþijais	*swinþī	*swinþijasai	*swinþijaisau
3rd singular	*swinþīþi	*swinþijai	*swinþijaþau	*swinþijaþai	*swinþijaiþau
1st dual	*swinþijōs	*swinþijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*swinþijaþiz	*swinþijaiþiz	*swinþijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*swinþijamaz	*swinþijaim	—	*swinþijanþai	*swinþijainþau
2nd plural	*swinþīþ	*swinþijaiþ	*swinþīþ	*swinþijanþai	*swinþijainþau
3rd plural	*swinþijanþi	*swinþijain	*swinþijanþau	*swinþijanþai	*swinþijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swinþidǭ	*swinþidēdį̄
2nd singular	*swinþidēz	*swinþidēdīz
3rd singular	*swinþidē	*swinþidēdī
1st dual	*swinþidēdū	*swinþidēdīw
2nd dual	*swinþidēdudiz	*swinþidēdīdiz
1st plural	*swinþidēdum	*swinþidēdīm
2nd plural	*swinþidēdud	*swinþidēdīd
3rd plural	*swinþidēdun	*swinþidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*swinþijandz	*swinþidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *swinþijan
- Old English: swīþan
Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*swinþjan)
- ⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaswinþjan)

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*swenþjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 395

[Orel-1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*swenþjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 395

[1]