Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tarbijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *dorbʰéyeti, a causative formation of Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“to plait, braid, twist, spin, weave, wind”). A direct cognate with दर्भयति (darbháyati).

Verb

*tarbijaną[1]

  1. to wind; spin
  2. to fling; throw

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *tarbijō *tarbijaų — *tarbijai ?
2nd singular *tarbīsi *tarbijais *tarbī *tarbijasai *tarbijaisau
3rd singular *tarbīþi *tarbijai *tarbijaþau *tarbijaþai *tarbijaiþau
1st dual *tarbijōs *tarbijaiw — — —
2nd dual *tarbijaþiz *tarbijaiþiz *tarbijaþiz — —
1st plural *tarbijamaz *tarbijaim — *tarbijanþai *tarbijainþau
2nd plural *tarbīþ *tarbijaiþ *tarbīþ *tarbijanþai *tarbijainþau
3rd plural *tarbijanþi *tarbijain *tarbijanþau *tarbijanþai *tarbijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *tarbidǭ *tarbidēdį̄
2nd singular *tarbidēz *tarbidēdīz
3rd singular *tarbidē *tarbidēdī
1st dual *tarbidēdū *tarbidēdīw
2nd dual *tarbidēdudiz *tarbidēdīdiz
1st plural *tarbidēdum *tarbidēdīm
2nd plural *tarbidēdud *tarbidēdīd
3rd plural *tarbidēdun *tarbidēdīn
present past
participles *tarbijandz *tarbidaz
  • *tarbalōną
  • *terbaną
  • *tirbijaną
  • *turbaz
  • *turbōną

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *tarbijan
    • Old English: *tierfan, *tyrfan, *tyrfian
      • Middle English: tirven, tyrven, terven
        • ⇒ English: topsy-turvy
        • Scots: tirvie
        • ⇒ Middle English: overterven, overtarven
          • Scots: overtirve, ourtirve
        • ⇒ Middle English: tyrf, tyrfe
          • English: tirfe
      • ⇒ Old English: ġetyrfan, ġetyrfian
    • Old High German: zerben
      • Middle High German: zirben

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*tarbjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510
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