Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/targijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

  • *terganą

Etymology

Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *dorgʰ-éye-ti, probably from *derHgʰ- (“to pull, tug, irritate”), and cognate with Lithuanian di̇̀rginti (“to irritate”), Proto-Slavic *dьrgati (“to pull, jerk, comb”), though Kroonen rejects connections to the Balto-Slavic and leaves the origin open.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈtɑr.ɣi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*targijaną

  1. to pull; yank; tug; tease
  2. to irritate

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *targijō *targijaų — *targijai ?
2nd singular *targīsi *targijais *targī *targijasai *targijaisau
3rd singular *targīþi *targijai *targijaþau *targijaþai *targijaiþau
1st dual *targijōs *targijaiw — — —
2nd dual *targijaþiz *targijaiþiz *targijaþiz — —
1st plural *targijamaz *targijaim — *targijanþai *targijainþau
2nd plural *targīþ *targijaiþ *targīþ *targijanþai *targijainþau
3rd plural *targijanþi *targijain *targijanþau *targijanþai *targijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *targidǭ *targidēdį̄
2nd singular *targidēz *targidēdīz
3rd singular *targidē *targidēdī
1st dual *targidēdū *targidēdīw
2nd dual *targidēdudiz *targidēdīdiz
1st plural *targidēdum *targidēdīm
2nd plural *targidēdud *targidēdīd
3rd plural *targidēdun *targidēdīn
present past
participles *targijandz *targidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *targijan
    • Old English: terġan, tierġan, tyrġan, tirġan, tirian; tierwan
    • Old Frisian: *tergia, *targia
      • Saterland Frisian: taagje (possibly from Low German)
      • West Frisian: tergje
    • Old Saxon: *targian, *tergian
      • Middle Low German: tergen, targen
        • German Low German: targen
        • → Danish: tærge
        • → Norwegian: terge
        • → Swedish: targa
    • Old Dutch: *tergen
    • Old High German: zergen
      • Middle High German: *zergen
    • Lombardic: *zergen
      • → Vulgar Latin: *zergō
        • Italian: zerigare (Tuscan)
        • ⇒ Venetan: inzeregà
        • ⇒ Italian: zerga (“anger”)
          • ⇒ Italian: inzergassi

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*targjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510
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