Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/triwwijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *triwwiz (“true, faithful”) +‎ *-janą and *trewwō (“fidelity, pledge”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtriw.wi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*triwwijaną^[1]

(transitive) to make faithful
(transitive) to ally, form a relation with
(transitive) to trust, have faith in

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*triwwijō	*triwwijaų	—	*triwwijai	?
2nd singular	*triwwīsi	*triwwijais	*triwwī	*triwwijasai	*triwwijaisau
3rd singular	*triwwīþi	*triwwijai	*triwwijaþau	*triwwijaþai	*triwwijaiþau
1st dual	*triwwijōs	*triwwijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*triwwijaþiz	*triwwijaiþiz	*triwwijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*triwwijamaz	*triwwijaim	—	*triwwijanþai	*triwwijainþau
2nd plural	*triwwīþ	*triwwijaiþ	*triwwīþ	*triwwijanþai	*triwwijainþau
3rd plural	*triwwijanþi	*triwwijain	*triwwijanþau	*triwwijanþai	*triwwijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*triwwidǭ	*triwwidēdį̄
2nd singular	*triwwidēz	*triwwidēdīz
3rd singular	*triwwidē	*triwwidēdī
1st dual	*triwwidēdū	*triwwidēdīw
2nd dual	*triwwidēdudiz	*triwwidēdīdiz
1st plural	*triwwidēdum	*triwwidēdīm
2nd plural	*triwwidēdud	*triwwidēdīd
3rd plural	*triwwidēdun	*triwwidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*triwwijandz	*triwwidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *triuwijan
- Old English: trēowan, trīewan, trȳwan
  - Middle English: trewen, trowen (partially)
    - English: trow
    - Scots: trew, trow
- Old Frisian: triūwa, trōwa, trouwa
  - Saterland Frisian: trjoue
  - West Frisian: trouwe, trouje
- Old Dutch: *triuwen
  - Middle Dutch: truwen, trouwen
    - Dutch: trouwen
- Old Saxon: triuwian
  - Middle Low German: trûwen, trouwen
- Old High German: *triuwen
  - Middle High German: triuwen, trouwen, trawen, trōwen, tröuwen
    - German: trauen
  - ⇒ Old High German: gitriuwen
Old Norse: tryggja, tryggva
- Icelandic: tryggja
- Faroese: tryggja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: tryggja
- Swedish: trygga
- Danish: trygge
  - Norwegian Bokmål: trygge

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*trewwjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 410

[HGE-1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*trewwjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 410

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