Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wraiþijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *wraiþaz (“twisted, angry, cruel”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwrɑi̯.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wraiþijaną^[1]

to anger
to curl

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*wraiþijō	*wraiþijaų	—	*wraiþijai	?
2nd singular	*wraiþīsi	*wraiþijais	*wraiþī	*wraiþijasai	*wraiþijaisau
3rd singular	*wraiþīþi	*wraiþijai	*wraiþijaþau	*wraiþijaþai	*wraiþijaiþau
1st dual	*wraiþijōs	*wraiþijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wraiþijaþiz	*wraiþijaiþiz	*wraiþijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*wraiþijamaz	*wraiþijaim	—	*wraiþijanþai	*wraiþijainþau
2nd plural	*wraiþīþ	*wraiþijaiþ	*wraiþīþ	*wraiþijanþai	*wraiþijainþau
3rd plural	*wraiþijanþi	*wraiþijain	*wraiþijanþau	*wraiþijanþai	*wraiþijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wraiþidǭ	*wraiþidēdį̄
2nd singular	*wraiþidēz	*wraiþidēdīz
3rd singular	*wraiþidē	*wraiþidēdī
1st dual	*wraiþidēdū	*wraiþidēdīw
2nd dual	*wraiþidēdudiz	*wraiþidēdīdiz
1st plural	*wraiþidēdum	*wraiþidēdīm
2nd plural	*wraiþidēdud	*wraiþidēdīd
3rd plural	*wraiþidēdun	*wraiþidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*wraiþijandz	*wraiþidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *wraiþijan
- Old English: wrǣþan
  - Middle English: wrethen
- Old Saxon: wrēthian
  - Middle Low German: wrêden, wreiden
- Old Dutch: *wrēthen, *wreithen
  - Middle Dutch: wrêden
- Old High German: reiden
  - Middle High German: reiden
    - German: reiden
Old Norse: reiða, vreiða
- Icelandic: reiða

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*wraiþjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 471

[Orel-1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*wraiþjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 471

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