Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷetwóres

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Considering PIE morpheme structure, *kʷetwor- has too many consonants to be a true primitive morpheme. Tentatively, the feminine stem could point to an elemental "four" of the shape **kʷet- or **kʷetu-.

Numeral

**Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers**
< 3	4	5 >
Cardinal : kʷetwóres Ordinal* : kʷ(e)twr̥tós^[1] Prefix* : *kʷetwr̥-

*kʷetwóres^[2]

four

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*kʷetwóres	*kʷétesres
genitive	*kʷeturóHom	*kʷetesróHom
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	—	*kʷetwóres
vocative	—	—	*kʷetwóres
accusative	—	—	*kʷetwórm̥s
genitive	—	—	*kʷeturóHom
ablative	—	—	kʷetwr̥mós, kʷetwr̥bʰós
dative	—	—	kʷetwr̥mós, kʷetwr̥bʰós
locative	—	—	*kʷetwr̥sú
instrumental	—	—	kʷetwr̥mís, kʷetwr̥bʰís
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	—	*kʷétesres
vocative	—	—	*kʷétesres
accusative	—	—	*kʷétesrm̥s
genitive	—	—	*kʷetesróHom
ablative	—	—	kʷetesr̥mós, kʷetesr̥bʰós
dative	—	—	kʷetesr̥mós, kʷetesr̥bʰós
locative	—	—	*kʷetesr̥sú
instrumental	—	—	kʷetesr̥mís, kʷetesr̥bʰís
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	—	*kʷetwṓr
vocative	—	—	*kʷetwṓr
accusative	—	—	*kʷetwṓr
genitive	—	—	*kʷeturóHom
ablative	—	—	kʷetwr̥mós, kʷetwr̥bʰós
dative	—	—	kʷetwr̥mós, kʷetwr̥bʰós
locative	—	—	*kʷetwr̥sú
instrumental	—	—	kʷetwr̥mís, kʷetwr̥bʰís

Derived terms

*kʷetwr̥- (compounds)
*kʷetwr̥tós

Descendants

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kʷetwóres

Proto-Albanian: *kátur (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Anatolian: *gʷetʷóres
- Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊗𐊁𐊕𐊆 (teteri)
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: չորք (čʻorkʻ)
  - Armenian: չորս (čʻors)
Proto-Armenian: *kʷtwr̥-
- Old Armenian: քառ (kʻaṙ)^[3]
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ketū́res (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *kʷetwores (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *fedwōr (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *kʷétwores (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čatwā́ras (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *kʷettwōr (see there for further descendants)
Lusitanian: petranioi
Phrygian: διθυρ- (dithur-), θιδρα- (thidra-)
Thracian: ketri-
Proto-Tocharian: *ćätwerä^[4] (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “lmaos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 547
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “śtwer”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 703

[1] Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell

[2] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[3] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “lmaos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 547

[4] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “śtwer”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 703

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