Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/méh₁

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/meh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Compare Tocharian A/Tocharian B mā (“not, no”), not a prohibitive particle. According to Martirosyan, if the word originally meant ‘not’ and later obtained the function of the prohibitive, we are dealing with an Armeno-Greek-Albanian-Indo-Iranian grammatical isogloss.^[1]

Possibly related to Hittite [script needed] (mimmai, “to refuse, to reject”).^[2]

Particle

*méh₁^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

prohibitive particle: "don't ...!"

Alternative reconstructions

*mḗ^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Derived terms

*méh₁ de (“and don't ...!”)^[7]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μηδέ (mēdé)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬁𐬜𐬀 (māδa)
*méh₁-kʷe (“and don't ...!”)^[7]
- Proto-Albanian: *mē tše
  - Albanian: mos
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μήτε (mḗte)

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *mē
- Albanian: mo
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: մի (mi)
  - Armenian: մի (mi)
- → Urartian: 𒈪𒉌 (/⁠mī, mi, me(i)⁠/, “usually: and; as a prohibitive: no, not”)
Proto-Hellenic: *mḗ
- Ancient Greek: μή (mḗ)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máH (see there for further descendants)
Messapic: [script needed] (ma, “not”)
Proto-Tocharian: *mā
- Tocharian A: mā (“not, no”)
- Tocharian B: mā (“not, no”)

References

^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2013) “The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian”, in Journal of Language Relationship‎^[1], number 10, § 3.4, page 91
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “mimma-ⁱ / mimm-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 581-582
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “μή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 941
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “mi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 468-469
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “mā́”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 343
^ Kapović, Mate, editor (2017), The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 105
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 511-518
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[3], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 262
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “mā”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN
^ Joseph, Brian D. (2017–2018) “Chapter XV: Albanian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The syntax of Albanian, page 1781: “indicative *ne versus modal *mē”