Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/swápnas

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *swep-

Proto-Indo-European *-nós

Proto-Indo-European *swépnos

Proto-Indo-Iranian *swápnas

From Proto-Indo-European *swépnos.

Noun

*swápnas m

sleep, sleeping
dreaming

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swápnas	*swápnā(w)	*swápnās(as)
vocative	*swápna	*swápnā(w)	*swápnās(as)
accusative	*swápnam	*swápnā(w)	*swápnāns
instrumental	*swápnaH	*swápnaybʰyā(m)	*swápnāyš
ablative	*swápnāt	*swápnaybʰyā(m)	*swápnaybʰyas
dative	*swápnāy	*swápnaybʰyā(m)	*swápnaybʰyas
genitive	*swápnasya	*swápnayās	*swápnānaHam
locative	*swápnay	*swápnayaw	*swápnayšu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swápnas
- Sanskrit: स्वप्न (svápna) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Iranian: *hwáfnah
- Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬟𐬥𐬀 (xᵛafna)
- Gurani: وەرم (werm /⁠warm⁠/, “dream, sleep”)
- Digor Ossetian: фун (fun)
- Iron Ossetian: фын (fyn)
- Khotanese: [script needed] (hvana)
- Northern Kurdish: xewn (/⁠xawn⁠/, “dream”)
- Middle Persian: [script needed] (xwmn /⁠xwamn⁠/, “dream, sleep”)
  - Classical Persian: همن (human, “dream; sleep”), هومن (hawman ~ huwman ~ hōman) (only in Zoroastrian texts)
- Parthian: [script needed] (xwmr /⁠xwamr⁠/, “sleep”)
- Sivandi: فرم (färm, “sleep”)
- Zazaki: hewn (/⁠hawn⁠/, “dream, sleep”)