Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ud-

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *úd (“out, outward”).

Prefix

*ud-^[1]

up, upwards, away, out of

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ud-
- Sanskrit: उद्- (ud-, pref.)
Proto-Iranian: *uj-, *uc- (< *udᶻ-, *utˢ-, generalized from the position before dentals)
- Central Iranian:
  - Avestan: 𐬎𐬯- (us-), 𐬎𐬰- (uz-)
    - → Iranian Persian: اس- (os-, “prefix as "ex-" in English”) (revived prefix)
- Northeastern Iranian:
  - Proto-Scythian:
    - Proto-Sarmatian:
      - Ossetian:
        Digor Ossetian: ӕс- (æs-), с- (s-)
        
        Iron Ossetian: ус- (us-), ис- (is-)
    - Proto-Saka-Wakhi::
      - Old Khotanese: 𑀉𑀬𑀲- (uyasa- /⁠uys-⁠/)
        Late Khotanese: 𑀅𑀬𑀲- (ayasa- /⁠ays-⁠/), 𑀇𑀬𑀲- (iyasa- /⁠iys-⁠/), 𑀏𑀬𑀲- (eyasa- /⁠eys-⁠/)
      - Wakhi: (/⁠zə-, zü-, z-⁠/)
        Arabic script: زو-, زوْ-, ز-
        
        Cyrillic script: зә-, зу- (zu-), з- (z-)
        
        Latin script: zə-, zü-, z-
  - Sogdo-Bactrian:
    - Bactrian: ασ- (as- /⁠as-, *əs-⁠/)
    - Khwarezmian: اس- (ʾs- /⁠*as-, *əs-⁠/), س- (s- /⁠*sə⁠/)
    - Sogdian: (/⁠əs-, s-, əz-, z-⁠/)
      Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼼- (ʾs-), 𐼼- (s-), 𐼰𐼵- (ʾz-), 𐼵- (z-)
      
      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘- (ʾs-), 𐫘- (s-), 𐫀𐫉- (ʾz-), 𐫉- (z-)
      
      Syriac script: ܐܣ- (ʾs-), ܣ- (s-), ܐܙ- (ʾz-), ܙ- (z-)
- Southeastern Iranian:
  - Yidgha: ز- (zə-)
- Northwestern Iranian:
  - Kurdish: /zi-/
    Central Kurdish: ز- (zi- /⁠zi-⁠/)
    
    Northern Kurdish: zi-
    
    Southern Kurdish: ز- (zi- /⁠zi-⁠/)
  - Proto-Medo-Parthian:
    - Parthian: (/⁠iz-, is-⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫉- (ʿz-), 𐫙𐫘- (ʿs-)
      - → Middle Persian: 𐫙𐫉- (ʿz- /⁠iz-⁠/) (in some verbs e.g., 𐫙𐫉𐫇𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫗 (ʿzwʾrdn /⁠izwārdan⁠/, “to show”))
        Classical Persian: ز- (zi)
    - Zazaki: zi-, zu-
- Southwestern Iranian:
  - Old Persian: 𐎢𐎿- (u-s- /⁠us-⁠/), 𐎢𐏀- (u-z- /⁠uz-⁠/), 𐎢𐎭- (u-d- /⁠ud-⁠/)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠uz-⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫇𐫉- (ʾwz-)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwz-), [Book Pahlavi needed] (tr=ʾwc-)
      
      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭥𐭦- (ʾwz-)
      
      Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀𐮅𐮆- (ʾwz-), 𐮀𐮅𐮏- (ʾwc-)
      
      Pazend script: 𐬎𐬰- (uz-)
      - Classical Persian: ز- (zu-), آز- (āz-), از- (az-)
        Iranian Persian: ز- (zo-, “prefix as "ex-" in English”) (revived prefix)

References

^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “úd”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 214

[1] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “úd”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 214

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