Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hácmā

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćmā.

Noun

*Hácmā m

sky, heaven

Inflection

consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Hácmā	*Hácmānā(w)	*Hácmānah
vocative	*Hácman	*Hácmānā(w)	*Hácmānah
accusative	*Hácmānam	*Hácmānā(w)	*Hacnáh
instrumental	*HacnáH	*Hacmabʰyā́(m)	*Hacmabʰíš
ablative	*Hacnáh	*Hacmabʰyā́(m)	*HacmabʰyáH
dative	*Hacnáy	*Hacmabʰyā́(m)	*HacmabʰyáH
genitive	*Hacnáh	*HacaHā́h	*HacnáHam
locative	*Hácmani	*HacaHáw	*Hacmahú

Derived terms

*Hácmāgūnah (“sky-colour”)
- Sogdian: (/⁠asmānγōn⁠/)
  Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼼𐼺𐼰‎𐼻𐼲‎𐼴‎𐼻 (ʾsmʾ‎nɣ‎w‎n)
- Middle Persian: (/⁠asmāngōn⁠/, “sky blue; azure”)
  Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsmʾngwn')
  - Classical Persian: آسمانگون (āsmāngōn)
    Dari: آسمانگون (āsmāngōn)
    
    Iranian Persian: آسمانگون (âsmângun, âsemângun)
    
    Tajik: осмонгун (osmongun)
    - → Arabic: أسمانجوني (ʔasmānjūniyy)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬨𐬀𐬥 (asman)^[1]
Northeastern Iranian:
- Sogdo-Bacterian:
  - Bactrian: αϸνηφινδανο (ašnēfindano /⁠āšnēfindan⁠/, “the Lord of Sky”)
  - Khwarezmian: آسیم (ʾsym /⁠*āsəm⁠/), آسم (ʾsm)
  - Sogdiac:
    - Sogdian: (/⁠(ə)smān⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 (ʾsmʾn), 𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 (smʾn)
      
      Sogdian script: 𐼼𐼺𐼰‎𐼻𐼳 (smʾ‎nh)
      
      Syriac script: ܣܩܐܢ (smʾn)
      - → Classical Persian: سمان (samān)
    - Yagnobi: осмон (āsmān) (perhaps influenced by Tajiki)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: اسمان m (asmā́n), آسمان (“āsmā́n”)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: آژمان (àžmàn), آزمان (àzmàn)
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: ئاسمان (asman)
  
  Northern Kurdish: asman, azman, esman,
  
  Southern Kurdish: ئاسمان (asman)
  
  Laki: ئاسمان (asman)
- Old Median: *asmā
  - → Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿𐎶𐎴 (asman)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠asmān⁠/)^[2]
      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭮𐭬𐭠𐭭 (ʾsmʾn)
      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 (ʾsmʾn)
      Book Pahlavi script: 𐮰𐮽𐮼𐮰𐮵𐮵 (ʾsmʾn')
      Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀𐮍𐮋𐮀𐮌 (ʾsmʾn)
      Pazend script: 𐬁𐬯𐬨𐬅 (āsmą̇)
      - Classical Persian: آسمان (âsmân)
        Dari: آسمان (ā̊smā̊n)
        Iranian Persian: آسمان (âsemân, âsmân)
        Tajik: осмон (osmon)
        → Talysh: осмон
        → Baluchi: آسمان (ásmán)
        → Gujarati: આસમાન (āsamān)
        → Kermanic:
        Vonishuni, Qohrudi, Kesehi, Natanzi: ā̊semūn
        Zefrehi: ā̊smū
        Kafroni: ā̊s(e)mā̊n
        Meymehi: āsɛmūn
        Soi: āsemūn
        → Hindi: आसमान (āsmān)
        → Punjabi: ਆਸਮਾਨ (āsamān)
        → Marwari: असमाण (asmāṇ)
        → Sindhi: آسمان (āsmān)
        → Sivandi: āsemān
        → Urdu: آسمان (āsmān)
- Parthian: (/⁠āsmān⁠/)
  Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 (ʾsmʾn)
  - ⇒ Parthian: (/⁠āsmānag⁠/, “of the sky”)
    Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫃 (ʾsmʾng)
    - → Classical Persian: آسمانه (āsmāna, “sky; floor; ceiling”)
      Dari: آسمانه (āsmāna)
      
      Iranian Persian: آسمانه (āsmāne)
      
      Tajik: осмона (osmona)
- Zaza-Gurani:
  - Gurani: ئاسمان (āsmān)
  - Zazaki: azmên

References

^ Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1)‎^[1], Brill, →ISBN
^ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press

[1] Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1)‎^[1], Brill, →ISBN

[2] MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press

[1]

[2]