Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/paku

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *pahəku.

Noun

*paku

fern

Descendants

Philippine
- Northern Luzon
  - Ilocano: pakó
  - Northeastern Luzon
    - Dupaningan Agta: pakó
    - Casiguran Dumagat Agta: pakó
  - Cagayan Valley
    - Isnag: pakó
    - Itawit: pakú
  - Meso-Cordilleran
    - Central Cordilleran
      - Kalinga–Itneg
        Tanudan Kalinga: paku
        
        Southern Kalinga: pako'
      - Nuclear Cordilleran
        Batad Ifugao: pa'pa'u
        
        Tuwali Ifugao: appaku
        
        Kankanaey: pakó
    - Southern Cordilleran
      - Pangasinan: pakó
      - Karao: pao
- Central Luzon
  - Bolinao: pako'
- Greater Central Philippine
  - Central Philippine
    - Tagalog: pakô
    - Bikol Central: pakó
    - Bisayan
      - Cebuano: pakó
      - Asi: pakó
      - Aklanon: pakó
      - Romblomanon: pako
    - Mansakan
      - Mansaka: pako
      - Mamanwa: pako
  - Subanen
    - Central Subanen: paku
  - Manobo
    - Binukid: pako
    - Agusan Manobo: pa'ku
    - Cotabato Manobo: pakò
  - Danao
    - Maranao: pako
  - Palawanic
    - Central Tagbanwa: pako
- Kalamian
  - Agutaynen: pako-pako
- South Mindanao
  - Tboli: hokù
  - Tiruray: fagew
- Sangiric: *paku
- Minahasan
  - Tontemboan: paku
Greater Barito
- Sama–Bajaw
  - Mapun: pako'
North Bornean
- Southwest Sabahan
  - Paitanic
    - Tombonuo: paku
- North Sarawakan
  - Dayic
    - Kelabit: pa'uh
  - Berawan–Lower Baram
    - Berawan: pakkoh
  - Kenyah
    - Bakung: paku
    - Eastern Penan: pakeu
Kayanic
- Busang Kayan: pako'
- Murik (Malaysia): paku'
Land Dayak
- Bidayuh
  - Bau Bidayuh: pokuh
  - Biatah Bidayuh: pekuh
  - Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: pakuh
Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
- Batak
  - Karo Batak: paku
  - Toba Batak: pahu
- Simeulue: paku
Malayo-Sumbawan
- Chamic
  - Acehnese: paku
- Proto-Malayic: *paku(ʔ)
  - Banjarese: paku
  - West Bornean Malayic
    - Ibanic
      - Iban: paku'
      - Keninjal: paku'
      - Mualang: pako'
      - Seberuang: pako'
    - Western Malayic Dayak
      - Kendayan: paku
  - Nuclear Malayic
    - Malay: paku
      - Indonesian: paku
      - → Chinese: 巴姑菜 (bāgūcài)
    - Kedah Malay: paku
    - Central Malay: paku
    - Minangkabau: paku
    - Negeri Sembilan Malay: paku
    - Pattani Malay: ปากู (paku)
- Sundanese: paku / ᮕᮊᮥ (paku)
- Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
  - Balinese: paku
  - Sasak: paku
Old Javanese: paku
South Sulawesi
- Makasar: paku
- Tae': paku
Celebic
- Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: *paku
- Wotu–Wolio
  - Wolio: paku
Central Malayo-Polynesian
- Bima: faku
- Sumba–Flores
  - Sumba–Hawu
    - Kambera: paku
  - Western Flores
    - Manggarai: paku
    - Ngadha: paku

References

Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*paheku”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI