Reconstruction:Proto-Muskogean/ka

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Muskogean/-ka
This Proto-Muskogean entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Muskogean

Verb

*ka[1]

  1. to say

Reconstruction notes

  • Booker (1980) argues that *ka (“to say”), *(-)ka (mediopassive auxiliary), and *-ka (definite) may be one polysemous Proto-Muskogean term (instead of different terms with distinct etymologies).

Derived terms

  • *ka-či (causative)
    • Chickasaw: aachi
    • Choctaw: achi
    • Creek: kaycetv
    • Hitchiti: kači-
  • *ka-li (transitive)
  • *o-ka (focus)
    • Creek: oketv
  • *t-o-ka (quotative marker) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

  • ⇒ Alabama: manka
  • Choctaw: a
  • ⇒ Creek: maketv
  • Hitchiti: ka
    • ⇒ Hitchiti: onka-
  • ⇒ Koasati: mankalaho̱, onkalaho̱
  • ⇒ Mikasuki: onka-, inka-

Verb

*ka[1]

  1. (auxiliary) verb used to form mediopassive periphrastic constructions

Reconstruction notes

The auxiliary verb does not survive as a distinct verb in any of the descendant languages (instead it survives as a suffix in the descendant languages), but both Haas (1977) and Booker (1980) agree that at some point in Proto-Muskogean history it must have been a separate auxiliary instead of a suffix.[1][2]

Alternative reconstructions

  • *-ka[3] (see there for further descendants)

See also

  • *li (active auxiliary)
  • *či (causative auxiliary)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Booker, Karen (1980) Comparative Muskogean: aspects of Proto-Muskogean verb morphology (Thesis), University of Kansas
  2. ^ Haas, Mary R. (1977) “From Auxiliary Verb Phrase to Inflectional Suffix”, in Li, Charles N., editors, Mechanism of Syntactic Change, Austin: University of Texas Press, →ISBN, pages 525-537
  3. ^ Martin, Jack B., Munro, Pamela (2005) “Proto-Muskogean Morphology”, in Hardy, Heather kay and Scancarelli, Janine, editors, Native Languages of the Southeastern United States, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, →ISBN, pages 299-320
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