Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/lopata

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Formed as *lopъ (“leaf”) +‎ *-ata. Cognate with Lithuanian lópeta (“shovel”), Latvian lâpsta (“shovel, spade”) and Old Prussian lopto (“spade”).

Noun

*lopàta f^[1]

shovel, spade

Declension

Declension of *lopàta (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*lopàta	*lopàtě	*lopàty
genitive	*lopàty	*lopàtu	*lopàtъ
dative	*lopàtě	*lopàtama	*lopàtamъ
accusative	*lopàtǫ	*lopàtě	*lopàty
instrumental	lopàtojǫ, lopàtǭ^**	*lopàtama	*lopàtamī
locative	*lopàtě	*lopàtu	lopàtasъ, lopàtaxъ^*
vocative	*lopàto	*lopàtě	*lopàty

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Related terms

*lopastь
*lopatь
*lopěnъ
*lopunъ
*lopurъ
*lopuxъ/*lopuxa

Derived terms

*lopatarjь
*lopatastъ
*lopatati
*lopatica
*lopatina
*lopatinъ
*lopatistъjь
*lopatišče
*lopatiti
*lopatь
*lopatьcь
*lopatьnjь
*lopatьnъ
*lopatьskъjь
*lopatonogъjь
*lopatovъ
*lopatъka
*lopatъkъ

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: лопата (lopata)
  - Belarusian: лапа́та (lapáta)
  - Russian: лопа́та (lopáta)
  - Ukrainian: лопа́та (lopáta)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: лопата (lopata)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⰾⱁⱂⰰⱅⰰ (lopata)
- Bulgarian: лопа́та (lopáta)
- Macedonian: лопата (lopata)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: ло̀пата
  
  Latin script: lòpata
- Slovene: lopáta (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: lopata
  - Czech: lopata
- Polabian: lüpotă
- Polish: łopata
- Slovak: lopata
- Pomeranian:
  - Kashubian: łopata (rare)
  - Slovincian: lôpata
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: łopata
  - Lower Sorbian: łopata

→ Albanian: lopatë
→ Aromanian: lupatã
→ Hungarian: lapát
→ Romanian: lopată
→ Early Proto-Slavic or Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lapātā > Early Proto-Finnic: *lapita → Proto-Finnic: *lapida, *lapido
- Finnish: lapio
- Estonian: labidas
- Karelian: lapie
- Votic: lapia

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*lopàta”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 285: “f. ā ‘spade, shovel’”

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*lopàta”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 285: “f. ā ‘spade, shovel’”

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