Reconstruction:Proto-Tungusic/giramsa

This Proto-Tungusic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Tungusic

Alternative reconstructions

*giramksa, *gïramksa, *gïramsa

Reconstruction notes

EDAL possibly reconstructs as *giramksa because of the preservation of the *-k- in Nanai, but clearly other descendants reflect otherwise.

Etymology

Possibly from *giram- +‎ *-sa.

Some of descendants presumably show an assimilative change *giramsa > *giramza > **giramna, **giramra; which also occurs in *xolsa (“fish”) and *nansa (“skin”).

Noun

*giramsa

Declension

Declension of *giramsa

	Singular
Nominative	*giramsa
Accusative	*giramsaba
Genitive	*giramsaŋī
Dative	*giramsadua
Locative	*giramsalā
Ablative	*giramsadiki
Prolative	*giramsali
Elative	*giramsagiʒi
Instrumental	*giramsaʒi
Delative	*giramsalāki
Directive	*giramsatiki
Comitative	*giramsagili

Descendants

Jurchenic:
- Jurchen: 吉郎吉 (giranggi /⁠gi-lang-gi⁠/)
  - Manchu: ᡤᡳᡵᠠᠩᡤᡳ (giranggi)
Tungusic:
- Northern Tungusic:
  - Even: гирамра (giramra, “grave”)
  - Evenki: гирамна (giramna)
  - Negidal: гийамна (gijamna)
  - Oroqen: gɪramna
  - Solon: giranda
- Southern Tungusic:
  - Central:
    - Oroch: гиамса (giamsa)
    - Udihe: гиама̂ (giamâ)
  - South-Eastern:
    - Nanai: гирмакса (girmaksa)
    - Orok: ги́рапса (gírapsa)
    - Ulch: ги̇рамса (gịramsa)

References

Fuchs, Walter, Lopatin, Ivan A., Menges, Karl, Denis, Sinor (1968) Tungusologie (Handbuch der Orientalistik; V.3), Leiden and Köln: Brill, page 134
Benzing, Johannes (1955) Die tungusischen Sprachen. Versuch einer vergleichenden Grammatik (Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse; 11) (in German), Wiesbaden: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz in Kommission bei Franz Steiner Verlag, page 70
Cincius, V. I. (1975) Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков [Comparative Dictionary of Tungus-Manchu Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Leningrad: Nauka, page 154
Kane, Daniel (1989) The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters (Uralic and Altaic Series; vol. 153), Bloomington, Indiana: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, →ISBN, page 317.