Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kaya

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Helimski (1995) suggests a borrowing from Proto-Samoyedic *koəjə (“mountain”).

Noun

*kaya

Declension

Declension of *kaya
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*kaya
accusative	kayag, kayanï¹⁾
genitive	*kayanïŋ
dative	*kayaka
locative	*kayada
ablative	*kayadan
allative	*kayagaru
instrumental ²⁾	*kayan
equative ²⁾	*kayača
similative ²⁾	*kayalayu
comitative ²⁾	*kayalïgu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Proto-Common Turkic: *kaya
Oghuz:
- Azerbaijani: qaya
- Ottoman Turkish: قیا (kaya), قایا (kaya)
  - Turkish: kaya
- Turkmen: gaýa
Karluk:
- Uzbek: qoya
Kipchak:
- Crimean Tatar: qaya
- Kumyk: къая (qaya)
- Karachay-Balkar: къая (qaya)
- Bashkir: ҡая (qaya)
- Tatar: кыя (qıya)
Siberian:
- Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽶𐽰 (qʾyʾ /⁠⁠ḳaya⁠/)
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: хайа (qaya)
- South Siberian:
  - Tuvan: хая (xaya)
  - Khakas: хая (xaya)

References

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*K(i)aja”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 674-675
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 221
Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, pages 198-199
Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 96
Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎^[1] (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, page 565
Helimski, E. 1995. "Samoyedic loans in Turkic: Check-list of etymologies." — B. Kellner-Heinkele, M. Stachowski (eds.): Laut- und Wortgeschichte der Türksprachen, pp. 75–95. Turkologica 26. Wiesbaden.