Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yẹr

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*yer

Noun

*yẹr^[1]

earth, ground, land
Antonym: *kȫk (“sky, firmament”)

Declension

Declension of *yẹr
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*yẹr
accusative	yẹrig, yẹrni¹⁾
genitive	*yẹrniŋ
dative	*yẹrke
locative	*yẹrte
ablative	*yẹrten
allative	*yẹrgerü
instrumental ²⁾	*yẹrin
equative ²⁾	*yẹrče
similative ²⁾	*yẹrleyü
comitative ²⁾	*yẹrligü

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: ҫӗр (śĕr)
- → Hungarian: szer
Common Turkic:

Karakhanid:
- Uyghur: يەر (yer)
- Uzbek: yer
Kipchak: [script needed] (yer)^[2]
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: жер (jer)
  - Southern Altai:
    Altai: јер (ǰer)
    
    Teleut: јер (ǰer)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ер (yer)
  - Tatar: җир (cir), cir
- South Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: jer
  - Kazakh: жер (jer)
  - Nogai: ер (yer)
- West Kipchak:
  - Karaim: йэр
  - Kumyk-Karachay:
    - Karachay-Balkar: джер (cer)
    - Kumyk: ер (yer)
  - Crimean Tatar-Krymchak:
    - Krymchak: йер
    - Crimean Tatar: yer
Arghu
- Khalaj: yer
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: یر, ییر (yẹr, yir)
  - Azerbaijani: yer
  - Gagauz: er
  - Ottoman Turkish: یر (yer)
    - Turkish: yer
- Turkmen-Khorasan:
  - Turkmen: ýer
  - Salar: yer
Siberian Turkic:
- Old Turkic: 𐰘𐰃𐰼 (y²ir² /⁠yér, yir⁠/)
- Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽶𐽾 (yyr /⁠yér⁠/)
  - Western Yugur: jer (yer)
- Altai-Yenisei Turkic:
  - Northern Altai:
    Chelkan: тьер (tʹyer), йер (yer)
    
    Kumandy: чер (čer), тьер (tʹyer)
    
    Tuba: јер (ǰer), чер (čer)
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Khakas: чир (çir)
    - Shor: чер (čer)
- Sayan Turkic:
  - Soyot: чер, ҷер
  - Tofa: чер
  - Tuvan: чер (çer)
- Yakut-Dolgan:
  - Dolgan: һир
  - Yakut: сир (sir)

References

^ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jẹr”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
^
^{The template Template:R:qwm:Toparlı does not use the parameter(s): title=yer
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Toparlı, Recep (2007) Kıpçak Türkçesi Sözlüğü‎^[1], 2nd edition, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, →ISBN, page 319

[1] Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jẹr”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

[2] {The template Template:R:qwm:Toparlı does not use the parameter(s): title=yer
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Toparlı, Recep (2007) Kıpçak Türkçesi Sözlüğü‎^[1], 2nd edition, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, →ISBN, page 319

[1]

[2]