Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/handuwerk

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From *handu +‎ *werk. Compare Old Norse hannyrði (from earlier *handyrkði), and hannørð, hannerð.

Noun

*handuwerk n

work done by hand
craftsmanship

Inflection

Neuter a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*handuwerk
Genitive	*handuwerkas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*handuwerk	*handuwerku
Accusative	*handuwerk	*handuwerku
Genitive	*handuwerkas	*handuwerkō
Dative	*handuwerkē	*handuwerkum
Instrumental	*handuwerku	*handuwerkum

Related terms

*handugawerk
- Old English: handġeweorc
  - Middle English: hondywerk, handiwerc
    - English: handiwork
    - Scots: handiewerk, handiewark, handiwark
- Old Saxon: handgiwerk
- Old Dutch: *handgiwerk, *hantgiwerc
  - Middle Dutch: hantgewerc, hantgeweerke, hantgewerke

Descendants

Old English: handweorc, hondweorc
- Middle English: hondwerk, handwerke, hondewerk, andwork, handwarke, handwerk, hand-warke, handewerrc
  - English: handwork
  - Scots: handwerk, handwark
Old Frisian: *handwerk, *hondwerk
- Saterland Frisian: Hondwierk
- West Frisian: hantwurk, hânwurk
Old Saxon: *handwerk
- Middle Low German: hantwerk
  - German Low German: Handwark
  - → Danish: håndværk
  - → Swedish: handtvärk, hantvärk
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: håndverk
  - → Norwegian Nynorsk: handverk
  - → Faroese: handverk
  - → Icelandic: handverk
Old Dutch: *handwerk, *hantwerc
- Middle Dutch: hantwerc
  - Dutch: handwerk
    - Afrikaans: handwerk
Old High German: hantwerk
- Middle High German: hantwërc
  - German: Handwerk
→ Medieval Latin: manuopera, manopera (calque)
- Old French: manovre
  - Middle French: manœuvre
    - French: manœuvre
      - → English: manoeuvre, maneuver
  - → Middle English: maanovre (“manual labour”)