Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kald

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *kaldaz.

Adjective

*kald (comparative *kaldiʀō, superlative *kaldist)

cold

Inflection

a-stem
Singular	Masculine
Nominative	*kald
Genitive	*kaldas
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*kald	*kaldu	*kald
Accusative	*kaldanā	*kaldā	*kald
Genitive	*kaldas	*kaldeʀā	*kaldas
Dative	*kaldumē	*kaldeʀē	*kaldumē
Instrumental	*kaldu	*kaldeʀu	*kaldu
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*kaldē	*kaldō	*kaldu
Accusative	*kaldā	*kaldā	*kaldu
Genitive	*kaldeʀō	*kaldeʀō	*kaldeʀō
Dative	kaldēm, kaldum	kaldēm, kaldum	kaldēm, kaldum
Instrumental	kaldēm, kaldum	kaldēm, kaldum	kaldēm, kaldum

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Old English: ċeald, cald — Anglian
- Middle English: cold, cald, chald, cheald, cheld, coold
  - English: cold
  - English: (West Yorkshire) cowd
  - English: (Ottawa-Valley) cald, coath
  - Geordie English: cawd, cauld
  - Scots: cald, cauld
  - Yola: coale, khoal, cole
Old Frisian: kald
- Saterland Frisian: koold
- West Frisian: kâld
Old Saxon: kald
- Middle Low German: kolt
  - Low German: kold
    - German Low German: kold, kol, koll, kolt, koolt, koold
    - Westphalian:
      Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: käult
      Lippisch: kault
      Sauerländisch: kàld
      Westmünsterländisch: kold
  - Plautdietsch: kolt
Old Dutch: *kald, *kold (in toponyms)
- Middle Dutch: cout, calt
  - Dutch: koud
    - Afrikaans: koud
    - Berbice Creole Dutch: kautu
    - Negerhollands: koud, koude, kout, kot, kou
    - Skepi Creole Dutch: kout
    - → Kwinti: kowru
    - → Saramaccan: koto
  - Limburgish: kaad
  - West Flemish: koed, kod
Old High German: kalt
- Middle High German: kalt
  - Alemannic German: chalt
    Walser: chalt, choalt, cholt, chélte
  - Bavarian: ckolt, kholt, kòlt, koid, kålt (Southern Bavarian, Carinthia, Tyrol), ckolt (Timau), kholt (Sauris), kòlt (Sappada)
    Cimbrian: kalt, khalt (Luserna, Sette Comuni)
    Mòcheno: khòlt, kòlt
  - Central Franconian: kalt
  - German: kalt
  - Luxembourgish: kal
  - Pennsylvania German: kalt
  - Vilamovian: kāłt
  - Yiddish: קאַלט (kalt)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *kaldą.

Noun

*kald n

cold, coldness

Inflection

Neuter a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*kald
Genitive	*kaldas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kald	*kaldu
Accusative	*kald	*kaldu
Genitive	*kaldas	*kaldō
Dative	*kaldē	*kaldum
Instrumental	*kaldu	*kaldum

Descendants

Old English: ċeald, cald
- Middle English: cold, cald, chald
  - English: cold
  - Scots: cald
Old Saxon: *kald
- Middle Low German: kalde, kōlde, kulde
Old Dutch: *kald, *kalt
- Middle Dutch: colde, calde, coude, couwe, cout
  - Dutch: koud
Old High German: *kalt
- Middle High German: kalt, kalte, kalde
  - German: Kalte