Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/xuɬ

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstruction

  • *xur₁ (per Werner 2002)
  • *Huλ(ʌ), *kuλ(ʌ), *xura, *ūˑλ (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *Hur₂ (per Cologne group 2024. Pattern: ?-l.3)
  • *wuλ (per Bonnman-Fries 2025[1])

Etymology

Compare Proto-Yeniseian *xur (“rain, moisture”), which is no doubt related to this root.

Noun

*xuɬ (no plural)

  1. water
    Synonyms: *an (“water, body of water”), *towm (“water, river”)

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Ket: уль (ūˑl)
    • ⇒ Ket: ульту (úlʲtu), ультусь (úlʲtusʲ, “wet”)
    • Yug: ур (ūr)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: ul
    • Kott: ul, ûl
  • Arinic:
    • Arin: kul
      • ⇒ Arin: šilkul (“spring water”)
      • ⇒ Arin: tenkul, tengul (“milk”, literally “female nipple-water”)
    • → Proto-Turkic: *kȫl (“lake”)[2]
  • Pumpokolic:
    • Pumpokol: ul

References

  1. ^ Although not stated directly, we can infer this reconstruction from the proposed *wum-. Coda value is not elaborated on in their work.
  2. ^ Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon (2025) “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎[1], volume 0, →DOI, page 9 of 1-24

Further reading

  • Hill, Eugen, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Svenja, Bonmann (2024) “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[2], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 265 of 216-293
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 254, 257
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*Huλ(ʌ)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 322
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*ūˑλ”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 979
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) “*xuɬ”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[4], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 391, 404
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 378
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