ahkera
Finnish
Etymology
Uncertain. Traditionally connected with dialectal ahku (“eagerness, zeal”),[1] but this word is likewise of unknown origin. According to Häkkinen (2004), which follows Nikkilä (1998), perhaps a borrowing from dialectal Swedish ager (“hard-working”),[2][3] but this sense for the word, supposedly found only in dialects within Finland, does not seem to have a particularly wide distribution nor even be the primary meaning in the regions where it is found. Cognate with Ingrian ahkera and Karelian ahkera (both possibly from Finnish).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɑhkerɑ/, [ˈɑ̝xk̟e̞rɑ̝]
- Rhymes: -ɑhkerɑ
- Syllabification(key): ah‧ke‧ra
- Hyphenation(key): ah‧ke‧ra
Adjective
ahkera (comparative ahkerampi, superlative ahkerin)
- industrious, hardworking [with illative of third infinitive (with verbs)]
Declension
| Inflection of ahkera (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ahkera | ahkerat | |
| genitive | ahkeran | ahkerien | |
| partitive | ahkeraa | ahkeria | |
| illative | ahkeraan | ahkeriin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | ahkera | ahkerat | |
| accusative | nom. | ahkera | ahkerat |
| gen. | ahkeran | ||
| genitive | ahkeran | ahkerien ahkerain rare | |
| partitive | ahkeraa | ahkeria | |
| inessive | ahkerassa | ahkerissa | |
| elative | ahkerasta | ahkerista | |
| illative | ahkeraan | ahkeriin | |
| adessive | ahkeralla | ahkerilla | |
| ablative | ahkeralta | ahkerilta | |
| allative | ahkeralle | ahkerille | |
| essive | ahkerana | ahkerina | |
| translative | ahkeraksi | ahkeriksi | |
| abessive | ahkeratta | ahkeritta | |
| instructive | — | ahkerin | |
| comitative | — | ahkerine | |
| Possessive forms of ahkera (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
compounds
Related terms
References
- ^ Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words][1] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
- ^ Osmo Nikkilä (1998) “Suomen hk germaanista g:tä vastaamassa”, in Johanna Laakso, Riho Grünthal, editor, Oekeeta asijoo. Commentationes Fenno-Ugricae in honorem Seppo Suhonen sexagenarii 16. V. 1998 (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 228), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN, pages 350–359
- ^ Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004) Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN
Further reading
- “ahkera”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2 July 2023
Anagrams
Ingrian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic [Term?]. Cognates include Finnish ahkera.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈɑhkerɑ/, [ˈɑxke̞r]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈɑhkerɑ/, [ˈɑxke̞rɑ]
- (Hevaha) IPA(key): /ˈɑhkerɑ/, [ˈɑxke̞rɑ]
- Rhymes: -ɑhker, -ɑhkerɑ
- Hyphenation: ah‧ke‧ra
Adjective
ahkera (comparative ahkeramp)
Declension
| Declension of ahkera (type 3/kana, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | ahkera | ahkerat |
| genitive | ahkeran | ahkeroin |
| partitive | ahkeraa | ahkeroja |
| illative | ahkeraa | ahkeroihe |
| inessive | ahkeraas | ahkerois |
| elative | ahkerast | ahkeroist |
| allative | ahkeralle | ahkeroille |
| adessive | ahkeraal | ahkeroil |
| ablative | ahkeralt | ahkeroilt |
| translative | ahkeraks | ahkeroiks |
| essive | ahkeranna, ahkeraan | ahkeroinna, ahkeroin |
| exessive1) | ahkerant | ahkeroint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
Synonyms
Derived terms
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 3
- Arvo Laanest (1997) Isuri keele Hevaha murde sõnastik, Eesti Keele Instituut, page 16
- Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку[3], →ISBN, page 70
Karelian
| North Karelian (Viena) |
ahkera |
|---|---|
| South Karelian (Tver) |
ahkera |
Etymology
Cognates include Finnish ahkera and Ingrian ahkera.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɑhkerɑ/
- Hyphenation: ah‧ke‧ra
Adjective
ahkera (genitive ahkeran, partitive ahkerua, comparative ahkerampi / ahkerambi, superlative ahkerin)
Declension
| Viena Karelian declension of ahkera (type 4/kala, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | ahkera | ahkerat | |
| genitive | ahkeran | ahkerojen | |
| partitive | ahkerua | ahkeroja | |
| illative | ahkerah | ahkeroih | |
| inessive | ahkerašša | ahkeroissa | |
| elative | ahkerašta | ahkeroista | |
| adessive | ahkeralla | ahkeroilla | |
| ablative | ahkeralta | ahkeroilta | |
| translative | ahkerakši | ahkeroiksi | |
| essive | ahkerana | ahkeroina | |
| comitative | — | ahkeroineh | |
| abessive | ahkeratta | ahkeroitta | |
| Tver Karelian declension of ahkera (type 4/kala no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | ahkera | ahkerat | |
| genitive | ahkeran | ahkeroin | |
| partitive | ahkerua | ahkeroida | |
| illative | ahkerah | ahkeroih | |
| inessive | ahkerašša | ahkeroissa | |
| elative | ahkerašta | ahkeroista | |
| adessive | ahkeralla | ahkeroilla | |
| ablative | ahkeralda | ahkeroilda | |
| translative | ahkerakši | ahkeroiksi | |
| essive | ahkerana | ahkeroina | |
| comitative | ahkeranke | ahkeroinke | |
| abessive | ahkeratta | ahkeroitta | |
| Possessive forms of ahkera | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | ahkerani | |
| 2nd person | ahkeraš | |
| 3rd person | ahkerah | |
| *) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses. | ||
References
- P. Zaykov, L. Rugoyeva (1999) “ahkera”, in Карельско-Русский словарь (Северно-Карельские диалекты) [Karelian-Russian dictionary (North Karelian dialects)], Petrozavodsk, →ISBN
- Pertti Virtaranta, Raija Koponen (2009) “ahkera”, in Marja Torikka, editor, Karjalan kielen sanakirja[4], Helsinki: Kotus, →ISSN