apó

See also: Appendix:Variations of "apo"

Macanese

Etymology

Borrowed from Cantonese 阿婆 (aa³ po⁴).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /aˈpɔ/

Noun

apó

elderly Chinese woman of humble background
Hypernyms: (old woman) véla, chacha

apó cartâ águ ― old woman carrying water

Derived terms

aporóna

References

https://www.macaneselibrary.org/pub/english/uipatua.htm#a

Old Tupi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /aˈpɔ/
Rhymes: -ɔ
Hyphenation: a‧pó

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tapo, from Proto-Tupian *ja(-)po.^[1]

Cognate with Guaraní tapo.

Noun

apó (possessable, IIe class pluriform, absolute sapó, R1 rapó, R2 sapó)

root (part of a plant that anchors and supports the plant body)
- 1555, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter II, in Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil (overall work in Portuguese), Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz, published 1595:
  […] çapôréma […]
  [ […] saporema […] ]
  Blackroot.
  (literally, “Stinky root.”)

Related terms

Sapopema
saporema
sapotaîa

Descendants

Nheengatu: apú

Adjective

apó (IIe class pluriform, R1 rapó, R2 sapó, noun form apó)

rooted (having roots)^[2]

Declension

Declension of apó (IIe pluriform, oral vowel ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi adjectives)

Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.

Deadjectivals
Causative	moapó
-ba'e	sapoba'e
-sab(a)	apoaba / aposaba
	Singular		Singular & Plural	Plural
	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person exclusive	1^st person inclusive	2^nd person
Adjectival forms
Active
Indicative	xe rapó	nde rapó	sapó	oré rapó	îandé rapó	pe rapó
Imperative		nde rapó				pe rapó
Permissive	ta xe rapó	ta nde rapó	ta sapó	t'oré rapó	t'îandé rapó	ta pe rapó
Negative indicative	na xe rapóî	na nde rapóî	na sapóî	n'oré rapóî	n'îandé rapóî	na pe rapóî
Negative imperative		nde rapó umẽ				pe rapó umẽ
Negative permissive	ta xe rapó umẽ	ta nde rapó umẽ	ta sapó umẽ	t'oré rapó umẽ	t'îandé rapó umẽ	ta pe rapó umẽ
Gerund
Affirmative	xe rapóramo	nde rapóramo	o apóramo	oré rapóramo	îandé rapóramo	pe rapóramo
Negative	xe rapoe'ymamo	nde rapoe'ymamo	o apoe'ymamo	oré rapoe'ymamo	îandé rapoe'ymamo	pe rapoe'ymamo
Nominal forms
Infinitive
Affirmative	apó
Negative	apoe'yma
Circumstantial
Affirmative	same as gerund¹
Affirmative	xe rapóû²		sapóû²	oré rapóû²	îandé rapóû²
Negative	same as gerund¹
Negative	xe rapoe'ymi²		sapoe'ymi²	oré rapoe'ymi²	îandé rapoe'ymi²
¹South Tupi ²North Tupi

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tapo.^[3]

Verb

apó (first-person singular active indicative aîapó, first-person singular negative active indicative n'aîapóî, noun apó) (transitive)

to make (to prepare or cook food)
- 1622, anonymous author, “Papas”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 64; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:
  Aiapô mingaû.
  [Aîapó minga'u.]
  I made porridge.
to transform; to make into [with -ramo]
Synonym: monhang
- 16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “[Matrimônio]”, in [Doutrina Cristã]; republished as Armando Cardoso, compiler, Doutrina Cristã: Catecismo brasílico, volume 1, São Paulo: Loyola, 1992, →ISBN, page 228, line 31:
  M[estre:] Emonánamope Tupã jandé rúbypý arukángañé apóu semirekóramo?
  D[iscipulo:] Emonánamo.
  [Mestre: Emonãnamope Tupã îandé rubypy arukanga nhẽ apóû semirekóramo?
  Discípulo: Emonãnamo.]
  Master: That's why God transformed our first father's rib in his wife?
  Disciple: That's why.
to arrange; to organize^[4]
Synonym: mongaturõ

Conjugation

Conjugation of apó (transitive, oral vowel ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi verbs)

Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.

Deverbals
Causative	apoukar
Causative-comitative	eroapó
Reflexive	îeapó
-ba'e	oîapoba'e
emi-	emiapó / miapó
-pyr(a)	i apopyra
-sab(a)	apoaba / aposaba
-sar(a)	apoara / aposara
	Singular		Singular & Plural	Plural
	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person exclusive	1^st person inclusive	2^nd person
Verbal forms
Active
Indicative	aîapó	ereîapó	oîapó	oroîapó	îaîapó	peîapó
Permissive	t'aîapó	t'ereîapó	t'oîapó	t'oroîapó	t'îaîapó	ta peîapó
Imperative		eîapó				peîapó
Negative indicative	n'aîapóî	n'ereîapóî	n'oîapóî	n'oroîapóî	n'îaîapóî	na peîapóî
Negative permissive	t'aîapó umẽ	t'ereîapó umẽ	t'oîapó umẽ	t'oroîapó umẽ	t'îaîapó umẽ	ta peîapó umẽ
Negative imperative		eîapó umẽ				peîapó umẽ
Nominal forms
Infinitive
Affirmative	apó
Negative	apoe'yma
Gerund
Affirmative	xe apóbo	nde apóbo	i apóbo	oré apóbo	îandé apóbo	pe apóbo
Negative	xe apoe'yma	nde apoe'yma	i apoe'yma	oré apoe'yma	îandé apoe'yma	pe apoe'yma
Circumstantial
Affirmative	xe apóû		i apóû	oré apóû	îandé apóû
Negative	xe apoe'ymi		i apoe'ymi	oré apoe'ymi	îandé apoe'ymi

Etymology 3

Unknown.

Adjective

apó (noun form apó)

full
- 1622, anonymous author, “Ouelhas do mar”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 60; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:
  Igapotitinga.
  [Ygapotitinga.]
  Seafoam.
  (literally, “Full water's white stains.”)

Declension

Declension of apó (oral vowel ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi adjectives)

Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.

Deadjectivals
Causative	moapó
-ba'e	i apoba'e
-sab(a)	apoaba / aposaba
	Singular		Singular & Plural	Plural
	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person exclusive	1^st person inclusive	2^nd person
Adjectival forms
Active
Indicative	xe apó	nde apó	i apó	oré apó	îandé apó	pe apó
Imperative		nde apó				pe apó
Permissive	ta xe apó	ta nde apó	t'i apó	t'oré apó	t'îandé apó	ta pe apó
Negative indicative	na xe apóî	na nde apóî	n'i apóî	n'oré apóî	n'îandé apóî	na pe apóî
Negative imperative		nde apó umẽ				pe apó umẽ
Negative permissive	ta xe apó umẽ	ta nde apó umẽ	t'i apó umẽ	t'oré apó umẽ	t'îandé apó umẽ	ta pe apó umẽ
Gerund
Affirmative	xe apóramo	nde apóramo	o apóramo	oré apóramo	îandé apóramo	pe apóramo
Negative	xe apoe'ymamo	nde apoe'ymamo	o apoe'ymamo	oré apoe'ymamo	îandé apoe'ymamo	pe apoe'ymamo
Nominal forms
Infinitive
Affirmative	apó
Negative	apoe'yma
Circumstantial
Affirmative	same as gerund¹
Affirmative	xe apóû²		i apóû²	oré apóû²	îandé apóû²
Negative	same as gerund¹
Negative	xe apoe'ymi²		i apoe'ymi²	oré apoe'ymi²	îandé apoe'ymi²
¹South Tupi ²North Tupi

Descendants

Nheengatu: apú

Etymology 4

Unknown.

Determiner

apó

that

Pronoun

apó

that

References

^ Andrey Nikulin (2020) Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo‎^[1] (in Portuguese), Brasília: UnB
^ anonymous author (1622) “Raiz, ou raizes ter, ou lançar”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 2, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 95: “Xerapô [Xe rapó]”
^ Antônio Augusto Souza Mello (17 March 2000) “Reconstruções Lexicais e Cognatos” (chapter III), in Estudo histórico da família linguística tupi-guarani: aspectos fonológicos e lexicais‎^[2] (in Portuguese), Florianópolis: UFSC
^ anonymous author (1622) “Amanhar, ou concertar”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 1, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 33: “Ayapô [Aîapó]”

Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “apó”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 50, columns 1–2

[1] Andrey Nikulin (2020) Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo‎^[1] (in Portuguese), Brasília: UnB

[2] ymous author (1622) “Raiz, ou raizes ter, ou lançar”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 2, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 95: “Xerapô [Xe rapó]”

[3] Antônio Augusto Souza Mello (17 March 2000) “Reconstruções Lexicais e Cognatos” (chapter III), in Estudo histórico da família linguística tupi-guarani: aspectos fonológicos e lexicais‎^[2] (in Portuguese), Florianópolis: UFSC

[4] ymous author (1622) “Amanhar, ou concertar”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 1, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 33: “Ayapô [Aîapó]”

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