Egyptian
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Ehret hypothesizes an origin in Proto-Afroasiatic *-bâh- (“to go secretively”) + *r;[1] as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking.
Verb
3-lit.
- (intransitive) to flee, to turn tail [since the Middle Kingdom]
Inflection
Conjugation of bhꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: bhꜣ, geminated stem: bhꜣꜣ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
bhꜣ
|
bhꜣw, bhꜣ
|
bhꜣt
|
bhꜣ
|
bhꜣ
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
bhꜣ
|
ḥr bhꜣ
|
m bhꜣ
|
r bhꜣ
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
| perfect
|
bhꜣ.n
|
consecutive
|
bhꜣ.jn
|
| terminative
|
bhꜣt
|
| perfective3
|
bhꜣ
|
obligative1
|
bhꜣ.ḫr
|
| imperfective
|
bhꜣ
|
| prospective3
|
bhꜣ
|
potentialis1
|
bhꜣ.kꜣ
|
| subjunctive
|
bhꜣ
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
bhꜣ.n
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
bhꜣ
|
bhꜣ
|
bhꜣ, bhꜣw5, bhꜣy5
|
| imperfective
|
bhꜣ, bhꜣy, bhꜣw5
|
bhꜣ, bhꜣj6, bhꜣy6
|
bhꜣ, bhꜣw5
|
| prospective
|
bhꜣ, bhꜣtj7
|
bhꜣtj4, bhꜣt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of bhꜣ
|
|
|
|
|
| bh
|
bh
|
bh
|
bh
|
| [New Kingdom]
|
[Theban royal tombs]
|
[Greco-Roman Period]
|
[Greco-Roman Period]
|
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Noun
m
- fan, flabellum [19th Dynasty]
Inflection
Declension of bhꜣ (masculine)
| singular
|
bhꜣ
|
| dual
|
bhꜣwj
|
| plural
|
bhꜣw
|
References
- “bhꜣ (lemma ID 56700)” and “bhꜣ (lemma ID 56690)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[2], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[3], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 467.2, 467.8, 467
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 83
- ^ Ehret, Christopher (1995) Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics; 126)[1], Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, →ISBN.