cwala
Zulu
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /ǀwaːla/
Verb
-cwala
Inflection
| positive | negative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | ukucwala | ukungacwali | ||||
| imperative | ||||||
| simple | + object concord | |||||
| singular | cwala | -cwale | ||||
| plural | cwalani | -cwaleni | ||||
| present | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngiyacwala, ngicwala | engicwalayo, engicwala | ngicwala | angicwali | engingacwali | ngingacwali |
| 2nd singular | uyacwala, ucwala | ocwalayo, ocwala | ucwala | awucwali | ongacwali | ungacwali |
| 1st plural | siyacwala, sicwala | esicwalayo, esicwala | sicwala | asicwali | esingacwali | singacwali |
| 2nd plural | niyacwala, nicwala | enicwalayo, enicwala | nicwala | anicwali | eningacwali | ningacwali |
| class 1 | uyacwala, ucwala | ocwalayo, ocwala | ecwala | akacwali | ongacwali | engacwali |
| class 2 | bayacwala, bacwala | abacwalayo, abacwala | becwala | abacwali | abangacwali | bengacwali |
| class 3 | uyacwala, ucwala | ocwalayo, ocwala | ucwala | awucwali | ongacwali | ungacwali |
| class 4 | iyacwala, icwala | ecwalayo, ecwala | icwala | ayicwali | engacwali | ingacwali |
| class 5 | liyacwala, licwala | elicwalayo, elicwala | licwala | alicwali | elingacwali | lingacwali |
| class 6 | ayacwala, acwala | acwalayo, acwala | ecwala | awacwali | angacwali | engacwali |
| class 7 | siyacwala, sicwala | esicwalayo, esicwala | sicwala | asicwali | esingacwali | singacwali |
| class 8 | ziyacwala, zicwala | ezicwalayo, ezicwala | zicwala | azicwali | ezingacwali | zingacwali |
| class 9 | iyacwala, icwala | ecwalayo, ecwala | icwala | ayicwali | engacwali | ingacwali |
| class 10 | ziyacwala, zicwala | ezicwalayo, ezicwala | zicwala | azicwali | ezingacwali | zingacwali |
| class 11 | luyacwala, lucwala | olucwalayo, olucwala | lucwala | alucwali | olungacwali | lungacwali |
| class 14 | buyacwala, bucwala | obucwalayo, obucwala | bucwala | abucwali | obungacwali | bungacwali |
| class 15 | kuyacwala, kucwala | okucwalayo, okucwala | kucwala | akucwali | okungacwali | kungacwali |
| class 17 | kuyacwala, kucwala | okucwalayo, okucwala | kucwala | akucwali | okungacwali | kungacwali |
| recent past | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngicwalile, ngicwalē | engicwalile, engicwalē | ngicwalile, ngicwalē | angicwalanga | engingacwalanga | ngingacwalanga |
| 2nd singular | ucwalile, ucwalē | ocwalile, ocwalē | ucwalile, ucwalē | awucwalanga | ongacwalanga | ungacwalanga |
| 1st plural | sicwalile, sicwalē | esicwalile, esicwalē | sicwalile, sicwalē | asicwalanga | esingacwalanga | singacwalanga |
| 2nd plural | nicwalile, nicwalē | enicwalile, enicwalē | nicwalile, nicwalē | anicwalanga | eningacwalanga | ningacwalanga |
| class 1 | ucwalile, ucwalē | ocwalile, ocwalē | ecwalile, ecwalē | akacwalanga | ongacwalanga | engacwalanga |
| class 2 | bacwalile, bacwalē | abacwalile, abacwalē | becwalile, becwalē | abacwalanga | abangacwalanga | bengacwalanga |
| class 3 | ucwalile, ucwalē | ocwalile, ocwalē | ucwalile, ucwalē | awucwalanga | ongacwalanga | ungacwalanga |
| class 4 | icwalile, icwalē | ecwalile, ecwalē | icwalile, icwalē | ayicwalanga | engacwalanga | ingacwalanga |
| class 5 | licwalile, licwalē | elicwalile, elicwalē | licwalile, licwalē | alicwalanga | elingacwalanga | lingacwalanga |
| class 6 | acwalile, acwalē | acwalile, acwalē | ecwalile, ecwalē | awacwalanga | angacwalanga | engacwalanga |
| class 7 | sicwalile, sicwalē | esicwalile, esicwalē | sicwalile, sicwalē | asicwalanga | esingacwalanga | singacwalanga |
| class 8 | zicwalile, zicwalē | ezicwalile, ezicwalē | zicwalile, zicwalē | azicwalanga | ezingacwalanga | zingacwalanga |
| class 9 | icwalile, icwalē | ecwalile, ecwalē | icwalile, icwalē | ayicwalanga | engacwalanga | ingacwalanga |
| class 10 | zicwalile, zicwalē | ezicwalile, ezicwalē | zicwalile, zicwalē | azicwalanga | ezingacwalanga | zingacwalanga |
| class 11 | lucwalile, lucwalē | olucwalile, olucwalē | lucwalile, lucwalē | alucwalanga | olungacwalanga | lungacwalanga |
| class 14 | bucwalile, bucwalē | obucwalile, obucwalē | bucwalile, bucwalē | abucwalanga | obungacwalanga | bungacwalanga |
| class 15 | kucwalile, kucwalē | okucwalile, okucwalē | kucwalile, kucwalē | akucwalanga | okungacwalanga | kungacwalanga |
| class 17 | kucwalile, kucwalē | okucwalile, okucwalē | kucwalile, kucwalē | akucwalanga | okungacwalanga | kungacwalanga |
| remote past | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngācwala | engācwala | ngācwala | angicwalanga | engingacwalanga | ngingacwalanga |
| 2nd singular | wācwala | owācwala | wācwala | awucwalanga | ongacwalanga | ungacwalanga |
| 1st plural | sācwala | esācwala | sācwala | asicwalanga | esingacwalanga | singacwalanga |
| 2nd plural | nācwala | enācwala | nācwala | anicwalanga | eningacwalanga | ningacwalanga |
| class 1 | wācwala | owācwala | ācwala | akacwalanga | ongacwalanga | engacwalanga |
| class 2 | bācwala | abācwala | bācwala | abacwalanga | abangacwalanga | bengacwalanga |
| class 3 | wācwala | owācwala | wācwala | awucwalanga | ongacwalanga | ungacwalanga |
| class 4 | yācwala | eyācwala | yācwala | ayicwalanga | engacwalanga | ingacwalanga |
| class 5 | lācwala | elācwala | lācwala | alicwalanga | elingacwalanga | lingacwalanga |
| class 6 | ācwala | ācwala | ācwala | awacwalanga | angacwalanga | engacwalanga |
| class 7 | sācwala | esācwala | sācwala | asicwalanga | esingacwalanga | singacwalanga |
| class 8 | zācwala | ezācwala | zācwala | azicwalanga | ezingacwalanga | zingacwalanga |
| class 9 | yācwala | eyācwala | yācwala | ayicwalanga | engacwalanga | ingacwalanga |
| class 10 | zācwala | ezācwala | zācwala | azicwalanga | ezingacwalanga | zingacwalanga |
| class 11 | lwācwala | olwācwala | lwācwala | alucwalanga | olungacwalanga | lungacwalanga |
| class 14 | bācwala | obācwala | bācwala | abucwalanga | obungacwalanga | bungacwalanga |
| class 15 | kwācwala | okwācwala | kwācwala | akucwalanga | okungacwalanga | kungacwalanga |
| class 17 | kwācwala | okwācwala | kwācwala | akucwalanga | okungacwalanga | kungacwalanga |
| potential | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngingacwala | — | ngingacwala | ngingecwale | — | ngingecwale |
| 2nd singular | ungacwala | — | ungacwala | ungecwale | — | ungecwale |
| 1st plural | singacwala | — | singacwala | singecwale | — | singecwale |
| 2nd plural | ningacwala | — | ningacwala | ningecwale | — | ningecwale |
| class 1 | angacwala | — | engacwala | angecwale | — | engecwale |
| class 2 | bangacwala | — | bengacwala | bangecwale | — | bengecwale |
| class 3 | ungacwala | — | ungacwala | ungecwale | — | ungecwale |
| class 4 | ingacwala | — | ingacwala | ingecwale | — | ingecwale |
| class 5 | lingacwala | — | lingacwala | lingecwale | — | lingecwale |
| class 6 | angacwala | — | engacwala | angecwale | — | engecwale |
| class 7 | singacwala | — | singacwala | singecwale | — | singecwale |
| class 8 | zingacwala | — | zingacwala | zingecwale | — | zingecwale |
| class 9 | ingacwala | — | ingacwala | ingecwale | — | ingecwale |
| class 10 | zingacwala | — | zingacwala | zingecwale | — | zingecwale |
| class 11 | lungacwala | — | lungacwala | lungecwale | — | lungecwale |
| class 14 | bungacwala | — | bungacwala | bungecwale | — | bungecwale |
| class 15 | kungacwala | — | kungacwala | kungecwale | — | kungecwale |
| class 17 | kungacwala | — | kungacwala | kungecwale | — | kungecwale |
| immediate future | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngizocwala | engizocwala | ngizocwala | angizucwala | engingezucwala | ngingezucwala |
| 2nd singular | uzocwala | ozocwala | uzocwala | awuzucwala | ongezucwala | ungezucwala |
| 1st plural | sizocwala | esizocwala | sizocwala | asizucwala | esingezucwala | singezucwala |
| 2nd plural | nizocwala | enizocwala | nizocwala | anizucwala | eningezucwala | ningezucwala |
| class 1 | uzocwala | ozocwala | ezocwala | akazucwala | ongezucwala | engezucwala |
| class 2 | bazocwala | abazocwala | bezocwala | abazucwala | abangezucwala | bengezucwala |
| class 3 | uzocwala | ozocwala | uzocwala | awuzucwala | ongezucwala | ungezucwala |
| class 4 | izocwala | ezocwala | izocwala | ayizucwala | engezucwala | ingezucwala |
| class 5 | lizocwala | elizocwala | lizocwala | alizucwala | elingezucwala | lingezucwala |
| class 6 | azocwala | azocwala | ezocwala | awazucwala | angezucwala | engezucwala |
| class 7 | sizocwala | esizocwala | sizocwala | asizucwala | esingezucwala | singezucwala |
| class 8 | zizocwala | ezizocwala | zizocwala | azizucwala | ezingezucwala | zingezucwala |
| class 9 | izocwala | ezocwala | izocwala | ayizucwala | engezucwala | ingezucwala |
| class 10 | zizocwala | ezizocwala | zizocwala | azizucwala | ezingezucwala | zingezucwala |
| class 11 | luzocwala | oluzocwala | luzocwala | aluzucwala | olungezucwala | lungezucwala |
| class 14 | buzocwala | obuzocwala | buzocwala | abuzucwala | obungezucwala | bungezucwala |
| class 15 | kuzocwala | okuzocwala | kuzocwala | akuzucwala | okungezucwala | kungezucwala |
| class 17 | kuzocwala | okuzocwala | kuzocwala | akuzucwala | okungezucwala | kungezucwala |
| remote future | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngiyocwala | engiyocwala | ngiyocwala | angiyucwala | engingeyucwala | ngingeyucwala |
| 2nd singular | uyocwala | oyocwala | uyocwala | awuyucwala | ongeyucwala | ungeyucwala |
| 1st plural | siyocwala | esiyocwala | siyocwala | asiyucwala | esingeyucwala | singeyucwala |
| 2nd plural | niyocwala | eniyocwala | niyocwala | aniyucwala | eningeyucwala | ningeyucwala |
| class 1 | uyocwala | oyocwala | eyocwala | akayucwala | ongeyucwala | engeyucwala |
| class 2 | bayocwala | abayocwala | beyocwala | abayucwala | abangeyucwala | bengeyucwala |
| class 3 | uyocwala | oyocwala | uyocwala | awuyucwala | ongeyucwala | ungeyucwala |
| class 4 | iyocwala | eyocwala | iyocwala | ayiyucwala | engeyucwala | ingeyucwala |
| class 5 | liyocwala | eliyocwala | liyocwala | aliyucwala | elingeyucwala | lingeyucwala |
| class 6 | ayocwala | ayocwala | eyocwala | awayucwala | angeyucwala | engeyucwala |
| class 7 | siyocwala | esiyocwala | siyocwala | asiyucwala | esingeyucwala | singeyucwala |
| class 8 | ziyocwala | eziyocwala | ziyocwala | aziyucwala | ezingeyucwala | zingeyucwala |
| class 9 | iyocwala | eyocwala | iyocwala | ayiyucwala | engeyucwala | ingeyucwala |
| class 10 | ziyocwala | eziyocwala | ziyocwala | aziyucwala | ezingeyucwala | zingeyucwala |
| class 11 | luyocwala | oluyocwala | luyocwala | aluyucwala | olungeyucwala | lungeyucwala |
| class 14 | buyocwala | obuyocwala | buyocwala | abuyucwala | obungeyucwala | bungeyucwala |
| class 15 | kuyocwala | okuyocwala | kuyocwala | akuyucwala | okungeyucwala | kungeyucwala |
| class 17 | kuyocwala | okuyocwala | kuyocwala | akuyucwala | okungeyucwala | kungeyucwala |
| present subjunctive | ||||||
| positive | negative | |||||
| 1st singular | ngicwale | ngingacwali | ||||
| 2nd singular | ucwale | ungacwali | ||||
| 1st plural | sicwale | singacwali | ||||
| 2nd plural | nicwale | ningacwali | ||||
| class 1 | acwale | angacwali | ||||
| class 2 | bacwale | bangacwali | ||||
| class 3 | ucwale | ungacwali | ||||
| class 4 | icwale | ingacwali | ||||
| class 5 | licwale | lingacwali | ||||
| class 6 | acwale | angacwali | ||||
| class 7 | sicwale | singacwali | ||||
| class 8 | zicwale | zingacwali | ||||
| class 9 | icwale | ingacwali | ||||
| class 10 | zicwale | zingacwali | ||||
| class 11 | lucwale | lungacwali | ||||
| class 14 | bucwale | bungacwali | ||||
| class 15 | kucwale | kungacwali | ||||
| class 17 | kucwale | kungacwali | ||||
| past subjunctive | ||||||
| positive | negative | |||||
| 1st singular | ngacwala | ngangacwala, angacwala, angangacwala | ||||
| 2nd singular | wacwala | wangacwala, awacwala, awangacwala | ||||
| 1st plural | sacwala | sangacwala, asacwala, asangacwala | ||||
| 2nd plural | nacwala | nangacwala, anacwala, anangacwala | ||||
| class 1 | wacwala | wangacwala, akacwala, akangacwala | ||||
| class 2 | bacwala | bangacwala, abacwala, abangacwala | ||||
| class 3 | wacwala | wangacwala, awacwala, awangacwala | ||||
| class 4 | yacwala | yangacwala, ayacwala, ayangacwala | ||||
| class 5 | lacwala | langacwala, alacwala, alangacwala | ||||
| class 6 | acwala | angacwala, awacwala, awangacwala | ||||
| class 7 | sacwala | sangacwala, asacwala, asangacwala | ||||
| class 8 | zacwala | zangacwala, azacwala, azangacwala | ||||
| class 9 | yacwala | yangacwala, ayacwala, ayangacwala | ||||
| class 10 | zacwala | zangacwala, azacwala, azangacwala | ||||
| class 11 | lwacwala | lwangacwala, alwacwala, alwangacwala | ||||
| class 14 | bacwala | bangacwala, abacwala, abangacwala | ||||
| class 15 | kwacwala | kwangacwala, akwacwala, akwangacwala | ||||
| class 17 | kwacwala | kwangacwala, akwacwala, akwangacwala | ||||
References
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “cwala”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “cwala (6.3)”