gmj

Egyptian

FWOTD – 23 September 2019

Etymology

Possibly related to Central Atlas Tamazight ⴳⵎⵉ (gmi, “to look for, search”).

Pronunciation

 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈkʼiːmit/ → /ˈkʼiːmiʔ/ → /ˈkʼiːma/ → /ˈkʼiːmə/

Verb

 3ae inf.

  1. (transitive) To (seek and) find. [since the Pyramid Texts]
    • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 14–15:















      ꜣst ꜣḫt nḏt sn.s ḥḥt sw jwtt b(ꜣ)gg.s pẖrt tꜣ pn m ḥꜣyt nj ḫn.n.s nj gm.tw.s sw
      capable Isis who saved her brother, who sought him without wearying, who circled this land in mourning, not alighting so long as he was not found
  2. (transitive, also used with a genitive or r) To find a way to go.
  3. (with a genitive) To find a way to do something. [Kushite period]
  4. (transitive) To find a way out (of difficulties, etc.). [Old Kingdom]
  5. (transitive) To discover, find, locate.
    • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 47–48:



      gm.n.j dꜣbw jꜣrrt jm jꜣqt nbt špst
      I found figs and grapes there, and splendid vegetables of all kinds.
  6. (transitive) To come across, happen upon.
  7. (transitive) To meet (someone).
  8. (transitive) To ascertain, discern, recognize.
    • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 60–62:

      kf.n.j ḥr.j gm.n.j ḥfꜣw pw jw.f m jjt
      When I uncovered my face, I found it was a snake. He was coming!
  9. (transitive) To determine or find to be in a particular state.
    • c. 2112–2063 BCE (reign of Intef II), Funerary stele of Rediu-Khnum from his tomb at Dendera (UE 6) (Cairo CG 20543), line A13–A14:[2][3]
















      srwd.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) wzṯ(.w) ṯz.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) fdq(.w) mḥ.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) jꜣṯ(.w)
      I made firm what I found dilapidated; I joined together what I found cut apart; I replenished what I found injured.
    • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) line 157:
      ꜥḥꜥ.n šm.kw r smjt st gm.n.j sw rḫ st
      Then I went to report it but found him (already) aware of it.
  10. (transitive) To officially establish or determine; to judge, to rule.
    • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 18:







      gm.n.tw ḥr ḫrw.f mꜣꜥ.w rdjw n.f jꜣwt nt (j)t.f
      Horus was found justified; the office of his father was given to him.
  11. (transitive) To diagnose.
  12. (transitive) To calculate (a numerical result).
  13. (transitive) To achieve, receive (a position).
  14. (transitive) To devise (something).
  15. (intransitive, of a limb) To know how to use properly.
  16. (catenative, generally negated) To be able to.
  17. (transitive) To control a land.

Usage notes

This verb is often used with a following adverb clause introduced by a stative without a preceding subject; the subject of this stative is then ordinarily identical with the object of gmj.

Inflection

Conjugation of gmj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: gm, geminated stem: gmm
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
gmt, gmj
 gmw, gm
 gmt, gmwt, gmyt
 gm
 gm, gmy
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
gm8, gmm8
 ḥr gmt, ḥr gmj
 m gmt, m gmj
 r gmt, r gmj
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect gm.n
 gmw, gm, gmy
 consecutive gm.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative gmt, gmyt
perfective3 gm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 gm.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective gm, gmy
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 gmw, gm, gmy
 gmw, gm, gmy
 potentialis1 gm.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive gm, gmy
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect gm.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective gmw1, gmy, gm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 gm
 gmy, gm
imperfective gmm, gmmy, gmmw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 gmm, gmmj6, gmmy6
 gmm, gmmw5
prospective gmw1, gmy, gm, gmtj7
 — gmwtj1 4, gmtj4, gmt4

1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
8 Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of gmj  
gmj gmj gmj gmj
[Old Kingdom (most common),
Middle Kingdom (less common),
Late Period, Greco-Roman Period (most common again)] 		[New Kingdom] [New Kingdom] [Greco-Roman Period]

Descendants

  • Demotic: gm

References

  1. ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 42
  2. ^ González León, Daniel (2018) “La estela de Rediukhnum de Dendera y la reorganización administrativa del Estado egipcio a finales del III milenio a.C.” in Revista Del Instituto De Historia Antigua Oriental, volume 19, pages 49–79
  3. ^ Lichtheim, Miriam (1988) Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom: A Study and an Anthology, pages 42–46 and plate I
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