grian

See also: grían, grian-, griən, and gri͡an

Bavarian

Alternative forms

gri͡an (alternative spelling, e.g. Styria)
grean (most dialects)
grien (Sappada, Sauris)

Etymology

From Old High German gruoni, from Proto-West Germanic *grōnī, from Proto-Germanic *grōniz. Cognate with German grün, Dutch groen, English green, Icelandic grænn.

Adjective

grian

(Timau) green

References

Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Irish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɟɾʲiən̪ˠ/, /ɟɾʲiənˠ/^[1]^[2]^[3]

Etymology 1

From Old Irish grían (“sun”),^[4] from Proto-Celtic *greinā.

Noun

grian f (genitive singular gréine, nominative plural grianta)

(the) sun
(figuratively) paragon

Declension

Declension of grian (second declension)

bare forms
	singular	plural
nominative	grian	grianta
vocative	a ghrian	a ghrianta
genitive	gréine	grianta
dative	grian gréin (in certain phrases)	grianta

forms with the definite article
	singular	plural
nominative	an ghrian	na grianta
genitive	na gréine	na ngrianta
dative	leis an ngrian don ghrian	leis na grianta

Archaic weak plural forms:

Nominative and vocative: griana
Genitive: grian
Dative: grianaibh

Derived terms

Verb

grian (present analytic grianann, future analytic grianfaidh, verbal noun grianadh, past participle grianta) (transitive)

to sun (expose to the warmth and radiation of the sun)
(photography) to solarize (subject to solarization)

Conjugation

conjugation of grian (first conjugation – A)

tense	singular			plural			relative	autonomous
verbal noun	grianadh
past participle	grianta
tense	first	second	third	first	second	third	relative	autonomous
indicative
present	grianaim	grianann tú; grianair^†	grianann sé, sí	grianaimid	grianann sibh	grianann siad; grianaid^†	a ghrianann; a ghrianas / a ngrianann*	griantar
past	ghrian mé; ghrianas	ghrian tú; ghrianais	ghrian sé, sí	ghrianamar; ghrian muid	ghrian sibh; ghrianabhair	ghrian siad; ghrianadar	a ghrian / ar ghrian*	grianadh
past habitual	ghrianainn / ngrianainn‡‡	ghriantá / ngriantá‡‡	ghrianadh sé, sí / ngrianadh sé, sí‡‡	ghrianaimis; ghrianadh muid / ngrianaimis‡‡; ngrianadh muid‡‡	ghrianadh sibh / ngrianadh sibh‡‡	ghrianaidís; ghrianadh siad / ngrianaidís‡‡; ngrianadh siad‡‡	a ghrianadh / a ngrianadh*	ghriantaí / ngriantaí‡‡
future	grianfaidh mé; grianfad	grianfaidh tú; grianfair^†	grianfaidh sé, sí	grianfaimid; grianfaidh muid	grianfaidh sibh	grianfaidh siad; grianfaid^†	a ghrianfaidh; a ghrianfas / a ngrianfaidh*	grianfar
conditional	ghrianfainn / ngrianfainn‡‡	ghrianfá / ngrianfá‡‡	ghrianfadh sé, sí / ngrianfadh sé, sí‡‡	ghrianfaimis; ghrianfadh muid / ngrianfaimis‡‡; ngrianfadh muid‡‡	ghrianfadh sibh / ngrianfadh sibh‡‡	ghrianfaidís; ghrianfadh siad / ngrianfaidís‡‡; ngrianfadh siad‡‡	a ghrianfadh / a ngrianfadh*	ghrianfaí / ngrianfaí‡‡
subjunctive
present	go ngriana mé; go ngrianad^†	go ngriana tú; go ngrianair^†	go ngriana sé, sí	go ngrianaimid; go ngriana muid	go ngriana sibh	go ngriana siad; go ngrianaid^†	—	go ngriantar
past	dá ngrianainn	dá ngriantá	dá ngrianadh sé, sí	dá ngrianaimis; dá ngrianadh muid	dá ngrianadh sibh	dá ngrianaidís; dá ngrianadh siad	—	dá ngriantaí
imperative
–	grianaim	grian	grianadh sé, sí	grianaimis	grianaigí; grianaidh^†	grianaidís	—	griantar

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Etymology 2

From Old Irish grïan.^[5]

Noun

grian m (genitive singular griain)

alternative form of grean (“gravel, grit; coarse sand”)
bottom (of sea, lake, river)
earth, ground, land
surface

Mutation

Mutated forms of *grian*
radical	lenition	eclipsis
grian	ghrian	ngrian

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 66, page 34
^ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), Zweiter Band: Wörterbuch [Second volume: Dictionary], Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 135
^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 283, page 100
^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “grían”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “grian”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Manx

Etymology

From Old Irish grían (“sun”),^[1] from Proto-Celtic *greinā.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɡriən/, [ɡriᵈn]

Noun

grian f (genitive singular greiney, plural grianyn)

sun
Plaasyn prinsoil glistral myr whilleen grian. ― Princely palaces shining like so many suns.

Ta'n ghrian yial er chooilleen e jurnaa. ― The bright sun has finished her journey.
sunlight
sunshine

Synonyms

ree yn laa

Derived terms

breck greiney
breck 'sy ghrian

Mutation

Mutation of *grian*
radical	lenition	eclipsis
grian	ghrian	ngrian

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Manx.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “grían”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Irish

Etymology

Cognate to Welsh graean. The exact shape of their common etymon is obscure; Proto-Celtic *griyano- is one reconstruction.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈɡʲrʲi.an]

Noun

grïan (gender unknown)

gravel
sand
bottom (of river)
floor (of sea)

Inflection

The declension of this term is known to be an o-stem, but the gender is unknown. Both possibilities are presented here.

Masculine o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	grïan	—	—
vocative	grïain	—	—
accusative	grïan^N	—	—
genitive	grïain^L	—	—
dative	grïun^L	—	—

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

^H = triggers aspiration
^L = triggers lenition
^N = triggers nasalization

Neuter o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	grïan^N	—	—
vocative	grïan^N	—	—
accusative	grïan^N	—	—
genitive	grïain^L	—	—
dative	grïun^L	—	—

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

^H = triggers aspiration
^L = triggers lenition
^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

Irish: grean

Mutation

Mutation of *grian*
radical	lenition	nasalization
grian	grian pronounced with /ɣʲ-/	ngrian

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish grían (“sun”),^[1] from Proto-Celtic *greinā.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɡ̊ʲɾʲiən/^[2]^[3]
(Lewis) IPA^(key): /ɡ̊ʲðiɤn/^[4]

Noun

grian f (genitive singular grèine, plural grianan)

sun

Declension

Declension of *grian* (class IIa feminine noun)
indefinite
	singular	plural
nominative	grian	grianan
genitive	grèine	ghrian
dative	grèin	grianan; grianaibh^✝

definite
	singular	plural
nominative	(a') ghrian	(na) grianan
genitive	(na) grèine	(nan) grian
dative	(a') ghrèin	(na) grianan; grianaibh^✝
vocative	ghrian	ghriana

^✝ obsolete form, used until the 19th century

Alternative genitive singular: grèineadh

Derived terms

casan na grèine (“the Zodiac”)
clàr-grèine (“solar panel”)
corra-ghrian (“bittern”)
dol fodha na grèine (“sunset”)
èirigh na grèine (“sunrise”)
gaoth-ghrèine (“solar wind”)
glainneachan-grèine (“sunglasses”)
grian-chrios (“zodiac”)
grian-stad (“solstice”)
grianach (“sunny”)
losgadh na grèine (“sunburn”)
neòinean-grèine (“sunflower”)
pannal-grèine (“solar panel”)
speuclairean-grèine (“sunglasses”)

Mutation

Mutation of *grian*
radical	lenition
grian	ghrian

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “grían”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
^ John MacPherson (1945) The Gaelic dialect of North Uist (Thesis)‎^[1], Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh
^ Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1937) The dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
^ Oftedal, M. (1956) A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap

[1] Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 66, page 34

[2] Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), Zweiter Band: Wörterbuch [Second volume: Dictionary], Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 135

[3] Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 283, page 100

[4] Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “grían”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

[5] Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “grian”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

[6] Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “grían”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

[7] Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “grían”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

[8] John MacPherson (1945) The Gaelic dialect of North Uist (Thesis)‎^[1], Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh

[9] Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1937) The dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap

[10] Oftedal, M. (1956) A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap

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[2]

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[4]

Bavarian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Adjective

References

Irish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Verb

Conjugation

Etymology 2

Noun

Mutation

References

Further reading

Manx

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Synonyms

Derived terms

Mutation

References

Old Irish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Inflection

Descendants

Mutation

Further reading

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Mutation

References