Swahili
Etymology
Borrowed from Arabic اِخْتِلَاف (iḵtilāf).[1]
Pronunciation
Noun
hitilafu class IX (plural hitilafu class X)
- difference, discord
- discrepancy, defect, blemish
Verb
-hitilafu (infinitive kuhitilafu)
- to differentiate, differ, distinguish
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -hitilafu
|
| Positive present
|
-nahitilafu
|
| Subjunctive
|
-hitilafu
|
| Negative
|
-hitilafu
|
| Imperative singular
|
hitilafu
|
|
| Infinitives
|
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
hitilafu
|
| Plural
|
hitilafuni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
huhitilafu
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -lihitilafu
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kuhitilafu
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -nahitilafu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninahitilafu/nahitilafu
|
tunahitilafu
|
| 2nd person
|
unahitilafu
|
mnahitilafu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anahitilafu
|
wanahitilafu
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -nahitilafu
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -hitilafu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
sihitilafu
|
hatuhitilafu
|
| 2nd person
|
huhitilafu
|
hamhitilafu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
hahitilafu
|
hawahitilafu
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -hitilafu
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -tahitilafu
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -tahitilafu
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -hitilafu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nihitilafu
|
tuhitilafu
|
| 2nd person
|
uhitilafu
|
mhitilafu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
ahitilafu
|
wahitilafu
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -hitilafu
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -sihitilafu
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngehitilafu
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singehitilafu
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalihitilafu
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalihitilafu
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -ahitilafu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nahitilafu
|
twahitilafu
|
| 2nd person
|
wahitilafu
|
mwahitilafu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
ahitilafu
|
wahitilafu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
wahitilafu
|
yahitilafu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
lahitilafu
|
yahitilafu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chahitilafu
|
vyahitilafu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yahitilafu
|
zahitilafu
|
| u(XI)
|
wahitilafu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwahitilafu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
pahitilafu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwahitilafu
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -mehitilafu
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshahitilafu
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jahitilafu
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kihitilafu
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipohitilafu
|
| Consecutive
|
kahitilafu / positive subject concord + -kahitilafu
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -kahitilafu
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nihitilafu
|
-tuhitilafu
|
| 2nd person
|
-kuhitilafu
|
-wahitilafu/-kuhitilafuni/-wahitilafuni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mhitilafu
|
-wahitilafu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-uhitilafu
|
-ihitilafu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lihitilafu
|
-yahitilafu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kihitilafu
|
-vihitilafu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-ihitilafu
|
-zihitilafu
|
| u(XI)
|
-uhitilafu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kuhitilafu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-pahitilafu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-muhitilafu
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jihitilafu
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -hitilafu- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-hitilafuye
|
-hitilafuo
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-hitilafuo
|
-hitilafuyo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-hitilafulo
|
-hitilafuyo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-hitilafucho
|
-hitilafuvyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-hitilafuyo
|
-hitilafuzo
|
| u(XI)
|
-hitilafuo
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-hitilafuko
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-hitilafupo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-hitilafumo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -hitilafu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yehitilafu
|
-ohitilafu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-ohitilafu
|
-yohitilafu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lohitilafu
|
-yohitilafu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-chohitilafu
|
-vyohitilafu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yohitilafu
|
-zohitilafu
|
| u(XI)
|
-ohitilafu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kohitilafu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-pohitilafu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mohitilafu
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
References
- ^ Baldi, Sergio (30 November 2020) Dictionary of Arabic Loanwords in the Languages of Central and East Africa (Handbuch der Orientalistik; Erste Abteilung: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten; 145), Leiden • Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 94 Nr. 829