Swahili
Etymology
From Arabic حُكْم (ḥukm) and its root.[1]
Pronunciation
Noun
hukumu class IX (plural hukumu class X)
- judgment, verdict
Verb
-hukumu (infinitive kuhukumu)
- to judge, to pass a judgment upon
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -hukumu
|
| Positive present
|
-nahukumu
|
| Subjunctive
|
-hukumu
|
| Negative
|
-hukumu
|
| Imperative singular
|
hukumu
|
|
| Infinitives
|
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
hukumu
|
| Plural
|
hukumuni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
huhukumu
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -lihukumu
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kuhukumu
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -nahukumu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninahukumu/nahukumu
|
tunahukumu
|
| 2nd person
|
unahukumu
|
mnahukumu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anahukumu
|
wanahukumu
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -nahukumu
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -hukumu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
sihukumu
|
hatuhukumu
|
| 2nd person
|
huhukumu
|
hamhukumu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
hahukumu
|
hawahukumu
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -hukumu
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -tahukumu
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -tahukumu
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -hukumu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nihukumu
|
tuhukumu
|
| 2nd person
|
uhukumu
|
mhukumu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
ahukumu
|
wahukumu
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -hukumu
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -sihukumu
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngehukumu
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singehukumu
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalihukumu
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalihukumu
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -ahukumu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nahukumu
|
twahukumu
|
| 2nd person
|
wahukumu
|
mwahukumu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
ahukumu
|
wahukumu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
wahukumu
|
yahukumu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
lahukumu
|
yahukumu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chahukumu
|
vyahukumu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yahukumu
|
zahukumu
|
| u(XI)
|
wahukumu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwahukumu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
pahukumu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwahukumu
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -mehukumu
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshahukumu
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jahukumu
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kihukumu
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipohukumu
|
| Consecutive
|
kahukumu / positive subject concord + -kahukumu
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -kahukumu
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nihukumu
|
-tuhukumu
|
| 2nd person
|
-kuhukumu
|
-wahukumu/-kuhukumuni/-wahukumuni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mhukumu
|
-wahukumu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-uhukumu
|
-ihukumu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lihukumu
|
-yahukumu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kihukumu
|
-vihukumu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-ihukumu
|
-zihukumu
|
| u(XI)
|
-uhukumu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kuhukumu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-pahukumu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-muhukumu
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jihukumu
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -hukumu- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-hukumuye
|
-hukumuo
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-hukumuo
|
-hukumuyo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-hukumulo
|
-hukumuyo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-hukumucho
|
-hukumuvyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-hukumuyo
|
-hukumuzo
|
| u(XI)
|
-hukumuo
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-hukumuko
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-hukumupo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-hukumumo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -hukumu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yehukumu
|
-ohukumu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-ohukumu
|
-yohukumu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lohukumu
|
-yohukumu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-chohukumu
|
-vyohukumu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yohukumu
|
-zohukumu
|
| u(XI)
|
-ohukumu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kohukumu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-pohukumu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mohukumu
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
References
- ^ Baldi, Sergio (30 November 2020) Dictionary of Arabic Loanwords in the Languages of Central and East Africa (Handbuch der Orientalistik; Erste Abteilung: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten; 145), Leiden • Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 78 Nr. 684