Swahili
Etymology
From laini (“smooth, soft”) + -isha (causative affix).
Verb
-lainisha (infinitive kulainisha)
- Causative form of laini: to smoothen, to soften
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -lainisha
|
| Positive present
|
-nalainisha
|
| Subjunctive
|
-lainishe
|
| Negative
|
-lainishi
|
| Imperative singular
|
lainisha
|
|
| Infinitives
|
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
lainisha
|
| Plural
|
lainisheni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
hulainisha
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -lilainisha
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kulainisha
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -nalainisha)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninalainisha/nalainisha
|
tunalainisha
|
| 2nd person
|
unalainisha
|
mnalainisha
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
analainisha
|
wanalainisha
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -nalainisha
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -lainishi)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
silainishi
|
hatulainishi
|
| 2nd person
|
hulainishi
|
hamlainishi
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
halainishi
|
hawalainishi
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -lainishi
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -talainisha
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -talainisha
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -lainishe)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nilainishe
|
tulainishe
|
| 2nd person
|
ulainishe
|
mlainishe
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
alainishe
|
walainishe
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -lainishe
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -silainishe
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngelainisha
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singelainisha
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalilainisha
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalilainisha
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -alainisha)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nalainisha
|
twalainisha
|
| 2nd person
|
walainisha
|
mwalainisha
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
alainisha
|
walainisha
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
walainisha
|
yalainisha
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
lalainisha
|
yalainisha
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chalainisha
|
vyalainisha
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yalainisha
|
zalainisha
|
| u(XI)
|
walainisha
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwalainisha
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
palainisha
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwalainisha
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -melainisha
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshalainisha
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jalainisha
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kilainisha
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipolainisha
|
| Consecutive
|
kalainisha / positive subject concord + -kalainisha
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -kalainishe
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nilainisha
|
-tulainisha
|
| 2nd person
|
-kulainisha
|
-walainisha/-kulainisheni/-walainisheni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mlainisha
|
-walainisha
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-ulainisha
|
-ilainisha
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lilainisha
|
-yalainisha
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kilainisha
|
-vilainisha
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-ilainisha
|
-zilainisha
|
| u(XI)
|
-ulainisha
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kulainisha
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-palainisha
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mulainisha
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jilainisha
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -lainisha- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-lainishaye
|
-lainishao
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-lainishao
|
-lainishayo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lainishalo
|
-lainishayo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-lainishacho
|
-lainishavyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-lainishayo
|
-lainishazo
|
| u(XI)
|
-lainishao
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-lainishako
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-lainishapo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-lainishamo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -lainisha)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yelainisha
|
-olainisha
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-olainisha
|
-yolainisha
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lolainisha
|
-yolainisha
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-cholainisha
|
-vyolainisha
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yolainisha
|
-zolainisha
|
| u(XI)
|
-olainisha
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kolainisha
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-polainisha
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-molainisha
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
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