Swahili
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Arabic رُشْوَة (rušwa).
Noun
rushwa class IX (plural rushwa class X)
- bribe, kickback
- Synonyms: hongo, (Kenya) chai, (Kenya) kitu kidogo
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
-rushwa (infinitive kurushwa)
- Passive form of -rusha
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -rushwa
|
| Positive present
|
-narushwa
|
| Subjunctive
|
-rushwe
|
| Negative
|
-rushwi
|
| Imperative singular
|
rushwa
|
|
| Infinitives
|
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
rushwa
|
| Plural
|
rushweni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
hurushwa
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -lirushwa
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kurushwa
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -narushwa)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninarushwa/narushwa
|
tunarushwa
|
| 2nd person
|
unarushwa
|
mnarushwa
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anarushwa
|
wanarushwa
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -narushwa
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -rushwi)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
sirushwi
|
haturushwi
|
| 2nd person
|
hurushwi
|
hamrushwi
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
harushwi
|
hawarushwi
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -rushwi
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -tarushwa
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -tarushwa
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -rushwe)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nirushwe
|
turushwe
|
| 2nd person
|
urushwe
|
mrushwe
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
arushwe
|
warushwe
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -rushwe
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -sirushwe
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngerushwa
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singerushwa
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalirushwa
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalirushwa
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -arushwa)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
narushwa
|
twarushwa
|
| 2nd person
|
warushwa
|
mwarushwa
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
arushwa
|
warushwa
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
warushwa
|
yarushwa
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
larushwa
|
yarushwa
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
charushwa
|
vyarushwa
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yarushwa
|
zarushwa
|
| u(XI)
|
warushwa
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwarushwa
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
parushwa
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwarushwa
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -merushwa
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -mesharushwa
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jarushwa
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kirushwa
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -siporushwa
|
| Consecutive
|
karushwa / positive subject concord + -karushwa
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -karushwe
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nirushwa
|
-turushwa
|
| 2nd person
|
-kurushwa
|
-warushwa/-kurushweni/-warushweni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mrushwa
|
-warushwa
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-urushwa
|
-irushwa
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lirushwa
|
-yarushwa
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kirushwa
|
-virushwa
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-irushwa
|
-zirushwa
|
| u(XI)
|
-urushwa
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kurushwa
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-parushwa
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-murushwa
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jirushwa
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -rushwa- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-rushwaye
|
-rushwao
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-rushwao
|
-rushwayo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-rushwalo
|
-rushwayo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-rushwacho
|
-rushwavyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-rushwayo
|
-rushwazo
|
| u(XI)
|
-rushwao
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-rushwako
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-rushwapo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-rushwamo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -rushwa)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yerushwa
|
-orushwa
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-orushwa
|
-yorushwa
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lorushwa
|
-yorushwa
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-chorushwa
|
-vyorushwa
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yorushwa
|
-zorushwa
|
| u(XI)
|
-orushwa
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-korushwa
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-porushwa
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-morushwa
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
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