Egyptian
Pronunciation
Verb
3-lit.
- (intransitive) to be(come) firm
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 132–134:
- jr qn{n}.k rwḏ jb.k mḥ.k qnj.k m ẖrdw.k sn.k ḥmt.k mꜣ.k pr.k
- If you are stalwart, with your mind firm, you will fill your embrace with your children, you will kiss your wife, and you will see your home.
Inflection
Conjugation of rwḏ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: rwḏ, geminated stem: rwḏḏ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
rwḏ
|
rwḏw, rwḏ
|
rwḏt
|
rwḏ
|
rwḏ
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
rwḏ
|
ḥr rwḏ
|
m rwḏ
|
r rwḏ
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
| perfect
|
rwḏ.n
|
consecutive
|
rwḏ.jn
|
| terminative
|
rwḏt
|
| perfective3
|
rwḏ
|
obligative1
|
rwḏ.ḫr
|
| imperfective
|
rwḏ
|
| prospective3
|
rwḏ
|
potentialis1
|
rwḏ.kꜣ
|
| subjunctive
|
rwḏ
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
rwḏ.n
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
rwḏ
|
rwḏ
|
rwḏ, rwḏw5, rwḏy5
|
| imperfective
|
rwḏ, rwḏy, rwḏw5
|
rwḏ, rwḏj6, rwḏy6
|
rwḏ, rwḏw5
|
| prospective
|
rwḏ, rwḏtj7
|
rwḏtj4, rwḏt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of rwḏ
Derived terms
References
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 166, 238.