sruth

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish sruth (“stream, river, current”), from Proto-Celtic *srutom, from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“flow, stream”). Cognate with Welsh ffrwd, Breton froud and maybe the Gaulish hydronym Phroudis.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Munster) IPA^(key): /sˠɾˠɞh/, /sˠɾˠɯh/^[2]
(Connacht, Ulster) IPA^(key): /sˠɾˠʊ(h)/, [ʂ(ɽ)ʊ(h)]^[3]

Noun

sruth m (genitive singular srutha or srotha, nominative plural sruthanna or srothanna or srotha)

stream
Synonym: sruthlán
current, flow
Synonyms: sreabhadh, sreabh
(electricity) current, mains

Declension

Declension of sruth (third declension)

bare forms
	singular	plural
nominative	sruth	sruthanna
vocative	a shruth	a shruthanna
genitive	srutha	sruthanna
dative	sruth	sruthanna

forms with the definite article
	singular	plural
nominative	an sruth	na sruthanna
genitive	an tsrutha	na sruthanna
dative	leis an sruth don sruth	leis na sruthanna

Alternative declensions:

Declension of sruth (third declension)

bare forms
	singular	plural
nominative	sruth	srothanna
vocative	a shruth	a shrothanna
genitive	srotha	srothanna
dative	sruth	srothanna

forms with the definite article
	singular	plural
nominative	an sruth	na srothanna
genitive	an tsrotha	na srothanna
dative	leis an sruth don sruth	leis na srothanna

Declension of sruth (third declension)

bare forms
	singular	plural
nominative	sruth	srotha
vocative	a shruth	a shrotha
genitive	srotha	srothann
dative	sruth	srotha

forms with the definite article
	singular	plural
nominative	an sruth	na srotha
genitive	an tsrotha	na srothann
dative	leis an sruth don sruth	leis na srotha

Derived terms

fótashruth
sruth ailtéarnach
sruth díreach
sruthach
sruthaigh (“to stream”)
sruthán
sruthlam m (“turbulence”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of *sruth*
radical	lenition	eclipsis
sruth	shruth after an, tsruth	not applicable

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “Sruto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN
^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 81
^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 77

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *srutom, from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“flow, stream”). Cognate with Welsh ffrwd and maybe the Gaulish hydronym Phroudis.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sruθ/

Noun

sruth n or m (genitive srotho, nominative plural srotha)

stream, river, current
strait, stream, current (of sea)
foray, sortie, attack

Inflection

Masculine u-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	sruth	sruth^L	srothae
vocative	sruth	sruth^L	srothu
accusative	sruth^N	sruth^L	srothu
genitive	srotho^H, srotha^H	srotho, srotha	srothae^N
dative	sruth^L	srothaib	srothaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

^H = triggers aspiration
^L = triggers lenition
^N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

sruthach, srothach
sruthán, srothán

Descendants

Irish: sruth
Manx: stroo
Scottish Gaelic: sruth

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish sruth (“stream, river, current”), from Proto-Celtic *srutom, from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“flow, stream”). Cognate with Welsh ffrwd and maybe the Gaulish hydronym Phroudis.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /s̪t̪ɾuh/

Noun

sruth m (genitive singular sruith or srutha, plural sruthan)

stream, burn
flow, rush (of water)
current

Declension

Declension of *sruth* (type I masculine noun)
indefinite
	singular	plural
nominative	sruth	sruthan
genitive	sruith	shruthan
dative	sruth	sruthan; sruthaibh^✝

definite
	singular	plural
nominative	(an) sruth	(na) sruthan
genitive	(an) t-sruith	(nan) sruthan
dative	(an) t-sruth	(na) sruthan; sruthaibh^✝
vocative	shruith	shruthan

^✝ obsolete form, used until the 19th century

Declension of *sruth* (type IVb masculine noun)
indefinite
	singular	plural
nominative	sruth	sruthan
genitive	srutha	shruthan
dative	srutha	sruthan

definite
	singular	plural
nominative	(an) sruth	(na) sruthan
genitive	(an) t-srutha	(nan) sruthan
dative	(an) t-srutha	(na) sruthan
vocative	shruth	shruthan

Synonyms

(stream, burn): allt

Derived terms

eadar-shruthach (“interfluent”)
eigh-shruth (“glacier”)
leis an t-sruth (“downstream”)
ris an t-sruth (“upstream”)
sruth-chlais (“canal”)
sruth-gaoith (“draught”)

Verb

sruth (past sruth, future sruthaidh, verbal noun sruthadh, past participle sruthte)

flow, stream

Conjugation

Conjugation of sruth (regular)
		singular			plural			impersonal
stem		sruth
verbal noun		sruthadh
past participle		sruthte

		first	second	third m/f	first	second	third	impersonal
independent	past	shruth mi	shruth thu	shruth e/i	shruth sinn	shruth sibh	shruth iad	shruthadh
	future	sruthaidh mi	sruthaidh tu	sruthaidh e/i	sruthaidh sinn	sruthaidh sibh	sruthaidh iad	sruthar sruthtar
	conditional	shruthainn	shruthadh tu	shruthadh e/i	shruthamaid shruthadh sinn	shruthadh sibh	shruthadh iad	shruthtadh shruthaist¹ shruthaiste¹
negative	past	cha do shruth mi	cha do shruth thu	cha do shruth e/i	cha do shruth sinn	cha do shruth sibh	cha do shruth iad	cha do shruthadh
	future	cha shruth mi	cha shruth thu	cha shruth e/i	cha shruth sinn	cha shruth sibh	cha shruth iad	cha shruthar cha shruthtar
	conditional	cha shruthainn	cha shruthadh tu	cha shruthadh e/i	cha shruthamaid cha shruthadh sinn	cha shruthadh sibh	cha shruthadh iad	cha shruthtadh cha shruthaist¹ cha shruthaiste¹
affirmative interrogative	past	an do shruth mi?	an do shruth thu?	an do shruth e/i?	an do shruth sinn?	an do shruth sibh?	an do shruth iad?	an do shruthadh?
	future	an sruth mi?	an sruth thu?	an sruth e/i?	an sruth sinn?	an sruth sibh?	an sruth iad?	an sruthar? an sruthtar?
	conditional	an sruthainn?	an sruthadh tu?	an sruthadh e/i?	an sruthamaid? an sruthadh sinn?	an sruthadh sibh?	an sruthadh iad?	an sruthtadh? an sruthaist?¹ an sruthaiste?¹
negative interrogative	past	nach do shruth mi?	nach do shruth thu?	nach do shruth e/i?	nach do shruth sinn?	nach do shruth sibh?	nach do shruth iad?	nach do shruthadh?
	future	nach sruth mi?	nach sruth thu?	nach sruth e/i?	nach sruth sinn?	nach sruth sibh?	nach sruth iad?	nach sruthar? nach sruthtar?
	conditional	nach sruthainn?	nach sruthadh tu?	nach sruthadh e/i?	nach sruthamaid? nach sruthadh sinn?	nach sruthadh sibh?	nach sruthadh iad?	nach sruthtadh? nach sruthaist?¹ nach sruthaiste?¹
relative future	affirmative	(ma) shruthas mi	(ma) shruthas thu	(ma) shruthas e/i	(ma) shruthas sinn	(ma) shruthas sibh	(ma) shruthas iad	(ma) shruthar
relative future	negative	(mur) sruth mi	(mur) sruth thu	(mur) sruth e/i	(mur) sruth sinn	(mur) sruth sibh	(mur) sruth iad	(mur) sruthar (mur) sruthtar
imperative		srutham	sruth	sruthadh e/i	sruthamaid	sruthaibh	sruthadh iad	sruthar sruthtar

¹ Lewis dialect form

Mutation

Mutation of *sruth*
radical	lenition
sruth	shruth after "an", t-sruth

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “Sruto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN

[2] Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 81

[3] Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 77

[1]

[2]

[3]

Irish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Mutation

References

Further reading

Old Irish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Inflection

Derived terms

Descendants

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Synonyms

Derived terms

Verb

Conjugation

Mutation