Egyptian
Etymology
From s- (causative prefix) + wḏ (“to command”).
Pronunciation
Verb
caus. 2-lit.
- (transitive) to bequeath
- c. 13th Dynasty, Naos of Hori, Kunsthistorisches Museum 186, Vienna:
- […] swḏ.ṯn jꜣwt.ṯn n ẖrdw.ṯn mj ḏd.ṯn […]
- [… as] you wish to bequeath your offices to your children, so you should say […]
Inflection
Conjugation of swḏ (causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.) — base stem: swḏ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
swḏt, swḏ
|
swḏw, swḏ
|
swḏt
|
swḏ
|
swḏ
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
swḏ
|
ḥr swḏ
|
m swḏ
|
r swḏ
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
swḏ.n
|
swḏw, swḏ
|
consecutive
|
swḏ.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
swḏt
|
| perfective3
|
swḏ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
swḏ.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
swḏ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
swḏw, swḏ, swḏy
|
swḏw, swḏ, swḏy
|
potentialis1
|
swḏ.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
swḏ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
swḏ.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
swḏ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
swḏ
|
swḏ, swḏw5, swḏy5
|
| imperfective
|
swḏ, swḏy, swḏw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
swḏ, swḏj6, swḏy6
|
swḏ, swḏw5
|
| prospective
|
swḏ, swḏtj7
|
—
|
swḏwtj1 4, swḏtj4, swḏt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of swḏ
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|
|
|
| swḏ
|
swḏ
|
swꜣḏ
|
|
|
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[New Kingdom]
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References
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 250, 257.