Swahili
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.
Pronunciation
Verb
-tafuna (infinitive kutafuna)
- to chew, nibble, gnaw
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -tafuna
|
| Positive present
|
-natafuna
|
| Subjunctive
|
-tafune
|
| Negative
|
-tafuni
|
| Imperative singular
|
tafuna
|
|
| Infinitives
|
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
tafuna
|
| Plural
|
tafuneni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
hutafuna
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -litafuna
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kutafuna
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -natafuna)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninatafuna/natafuna
|
tunatafuna
|
| 2nd person
|
unatafuna
|
mnatafuna
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anatafuna
|
wanatafuna
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -natafuna
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -tafuni)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
sitafuni
|
hatutafuni
|
| 2nd person
|
hutafuni
|
hamtafuni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
hatafuni
|
hawatafuni
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -tafuni
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -tatafuna
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -tatafuna
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -tafune)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nitafune
|
tutafune
|
| 2nd person
|
utafune
|
mtafune
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
atafune
|
watafune
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -tafune
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -sitafune
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngetafuna
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singetafuna
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalitafuna
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalitafuna
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -atafuna)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
natafuna
|
twatafuna
|
| 2nd person
|
watafuna
|
mwatafuna
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
atafuna
|
watafuna
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
watafuna
|
yatafuna
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
latafuna
|
yatafuna
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chatafuna
|
vyatafuna
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yatafuna
|
zatafuna
|
| u(XI)
|
watafuna
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwatafuna
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
patafuna
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwatafuna
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -metafuna
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshatafuna
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jatafuna
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kitafuna
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipotafuna
|
| Consecutive
|
katafuna / positive subject concord + -katafuna
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -katafune
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nitafuna
|
-tutafuna
|
| 2nd person
|
-kutafuna
|
-watafuna/-kutafuneni/-watafuneni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mtafuna
|
-watafuna
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-utafuna
|
-itafuna
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-litafuna
|
-yatafuna
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kitafuna
|
-vitafuna
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-itafuna
|
-zitafuna
|
| u(XI)
|
-utafuna
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kutafuna
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-patafuna
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mutafuna
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jitafuna
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -tafuna- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-tafunaye
|
-tafunao
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-tafunao
|
-tafunayo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-tafunalo
|
-tafunayo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-tafunacho
|
-tafunavyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-tafunayo
|
-tafunazo
|
| u(XI)
|
-tafunao
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-tafunako
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-tafunapo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-tafunamo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -tafuna)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yetafuna
|
-otafuna
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-otafuna
|
-yotafuna
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lotafuna
|
-yotafuna
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-chotafuna
|
-vyotafuna
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yotafuna
|
-zotafuna
|
| u(XI)
|
-otafuna
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kotafuna
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-potafuna
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-motafuna
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
Derived terms
- Verbal derivations:
- Applicative: -tafunia
- Causative: -tafunisha
- Passive: -tafunwa
- Reciprocal: -tafunana
- Stative: -tafunika