wšd

See also: wSd

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈwaːʃatʼ/ → /ˈwaːʃatʼ/ → /ˈwaːʃətʼ/ → /ˈwoːʃətʼ/

Verb

 3-lit.

  1. (transitive) to address (someone); to direct speech to [since the Middle Kingdom]
  2. (transitive) to question (someone), including to question (someone) judicially; to direct questions to [since the Middle Kingdom]
    • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 13–17:









      jꜥ tw jmj mw ḥr ḏbꜥw.k jḫ wšb.k wšd.t(w).k mdw.k n nswt jb.k m-ꜥ.k wšb.k nn njtjt
      Wash yourself, put water on your fingers,
      so you might answer when you are addressed, speak to the king with your mind in your possession, and answer without stammering.
  3. (transitive) to welcome (someone) with words or a gesture, to salute [since the Middle Kingdom]
  4. (transitive) to esteem, to honor (someone) (+ ḥr: because of) [since the Middle Kingdom]
  5. (intransitive, of gods, in formulaic oracular pronouncements) to assent, to agree [21st Dynasty]

Inflection

Conjugation of wšd (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: wšd, geminated stem: wšdd
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
wšd
 wšdw, wšd
 wšdt
 wšd
 wšd
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
wšd
 ḥr wšd
 m wšd
 r wšd
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect wšd.n
 wšdw, wšd
 consecutive wšd.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative wšdt
perfective3 wšd
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 wšd.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective wšd
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 wšd
 wšdd
 potentialis1 wšd.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive wšd
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect wšd.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective wšd
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 wšd
 wšd, wšdw5, wšdy5
imperfective wšd, wšdy, wšdw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 wšd, wšdj6, wšdy6
 wšd, wšdw5
prospective wšd, wšdtj7
 — wšdtj4, wšdt4

1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wšd  





wšd wšd wšd wšdt wšd
[Middle Kingdom] [since the Middle Kingdom] [19th and 20th Dynasties] [19th and 20th Dynasties] [Late Period]
in hieratic in hieratic

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Demotic: wšd, wšde, wšdj

References

  • “wšd (lemma ID 50700)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 375.7–375.15
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 71
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 273.
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